Platinum and fuel cells

Spiegel, R.J.

doi:10.1016/j.trd.2004.07.001

Cited by 31 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…[1] The development of this promising application has been hampered because of the high cost of the catalyst. [2,3] One way to lower costs is to make the most efficient use of the noble metals so that every metal atom is used in the catalytic process.…”

Section: Dan Zhao and Bo-qing Xu*mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Pt Utilization in Electrocatalysts by Using Gold Nanoparticles

Zhao

2006

Angew Chem Int Ed

222

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Section: Dan Zhao and Bo-qing Xu*mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Pt Utilization in Electrocatalysts by Using Gold Nanoparticles

Zhao

2006

Angew Chem Int Ed

222

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“…Important examples have been: neodymium and dysprosium for permanent magnets used in wind turbines and electric vehicles [22][23][24][25]; platinum group metals (PGMs) with particular reference to fuel cell technology [23,[26][27][28][29][30][31]; photo-active materials for thin-film solar cells (cadmium, tellurium, selenium, gallium, indium) [32][33][34][35][36][37][38]; lithium for batteries in electric vehicles [39][40][41][42][43]; rare earth elements (REE) (rare earth elements typically include 17 elements, scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanide series. In the case of this study, the REE of interest are neodymium, dysprosium and yttrium.…”

Section: Critical Minerals and Unconventional Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies have in general identified that there could be high increases in demand, but that the limitations on supply are likely to be short-term constraints. With regard to the specific metals, PGM studies have had mixed conclusions with some arguing that supply issues are unlikely to be problematic [27,30], while others have indicated that demand will outstrip supply [28,31], and that in the short term, some challenges with electricity shortages in South Africa have the potential for disruption to supply [31]. In the case of lithium, most studies have indicated that the resources are sufficient for potential future scenarios [39,43]; however, there were some concerns about the physical potential for industry to expand at the required rate [41].…”

Section: Critical Minerals and Unconventional Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Critical Minerals and Energy–Impacts and Limitations of Moving to Unconventional Resources

et al. 2016

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Abstract:The nexus of minerals and energy becomes ever more important as the economic growth and development of countries in the global South accelerates and the needs of new energy technologies expand, while at the same time various important minerals are declining in grade and available reserves from conventional mining. Unconventional resources in the form of deep ocean deposits and urban ores are being widely examined, although exploitation is still limited. This paper examines some of the implications of the transition towards cleaner energy futures in parallel with the shifts through conventional ore decline and the uptake of unconventional mineral resources. Three energy scenarios, each with three levels of uptake of renewable energy, are assessed for the potential of critical minerals to restrict growth under 12 alternative mineral supply patterns. Under steady material intensities per unit of capacity, the study indicates that selenium, indium and tellurium could be barriers in the expansion of thin-film photovoltaics, while neodymium and dysprosium may delay the propagation of wind power. For fuel cells, no restrictions are observed.

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“…In addition, the characteristics and needs for energy/fuel supply infrastructure for new passenger car technologies have been investigated (Chen and Ren 2010;Eberhard and Tarpening 2006;Ogden 1997;Schwoon 2007;Spiegel 2004). …”

Section: Previous Effortsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Transport Systems: Technologies and Environment

Janić

2014

Advanced Transport Systems

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This chapter deals with the performances of advanced passenger cars, large advanced container ships, and LH 2 (Liquid Hydrogen)-fuelled commercial air transportation. The prime objective is to show the potential effects of such advanced technologies on the environment in terms of energy/fuel consumption and related emissions of GHG (Green House Gases).Man-made GHG emissions, particularly those from using nonrenewable energy sources, have become an increasing burden on the industry, society, and politics all around the world. This is because these emissions and particularly their CO 2 component (Carbon Dioxide) are perceived to remain in the atmosphere for prolonged periods of time (presumably hundreds of years) and are proven to contribute to global warming and consequent climate change (Archer 2008). In order to mitigate or even diminish these impacts, both national and international policy makers, industrial organizations, and associations have undertaken a range of different measures. For example, in Europe, the EU (European Union) 27 Member States have fully institutionalized the problem by introducing national and international legislations and conventions, in addition to setting up specific targets for the absolute and relative reduction in emissions of particular GHG. These targets are expected to be achieved by a range of advanced technical/technological and operational improvements and by monitoring and reporting developments throughout particular air polluting sectors of the economy and society (EEA 2010). The most recent evidence indicates that some results have already been achieved: the total emissions of GHG have decreased by about 20 % over the 1990-2009 period, from 5,589 in 1990 to 4,674.5 million tons of CO 2e (Carbon Dioxide equivalents) in 2009 (CO 2e include CO (Carbon Oxide), CO 2 (Carbon Dioxide), SO 4 (Sulfur Oxides), NO x (Nitrogen Oxides), H 2 O (water vapor), and particles). However, at the same time, the share of transport sector in the total emissions of CO 2e has increased from about 17 % in 1990 to about 26 % in 2009, which is an equivalent of about 951 and 1,225 million tons of CO 2e , respectively (EC 2010a, b).M. Janić, Advanced Transport Systems,

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Platinum and fuel cells

Cited by 31 publications

References 3 publications

Enhancement of Pt Utilization in Electrocatalysts by Using Gold Nanoparticles

Enhancement of Pt Utilization in Electrocatalysts by Using Gold Nanoparticles

Critical Minerals and Energy–Impacts and Limitations of Moving to Unconventional Resources

Advanced Transport Systems: Technologies and Environment

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