Platinum-Catalyzed Enzyme Electrodes Immobilized on Gold Using Self-Assembled Layers

Gooding, J. Justin; Praig, Vera G.; Hall, Elizabeth A. H.

doi:10.1021/ac971035t

Cited by 259 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The current density achieved with this system was considerably lower than that reported by Gooding et al 1 where MES buffer was used during the immobilization of GOD. Therefore, the influence of different biological buffers with regard to the performance of the resultant enzyme electrode was investigated.…”

Section: The Influence Of the Choice Of Buffer During Immobilizationcontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…In our initial work on fabricating enzyme electrodes using SAMs, the activated SAM was placed into a solution of 120 µg glucose oxidase per ml of buffer. 1,36 Under these conditions the reproducibility of the enzyme electrodes was poor. 50 A quartz crystal microbalance was used to monitor the amount of immobilized glucose oxidase for a given exposure time (Fig.…”

Section: Immobilization Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parameters Important in Fabricating Enzyme Electrodes Using Self-Assembled Monolayers of Alkanethiols

et al. 2001

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The immobilization of enzymes on the surface of electrodes modified with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) provides a number of advantages as a method for the fabrication of enzyme electrodes. Using SAMs has the potential to provide enzyme electrodes with a high degree of reproducibility, 1,2 molecular level control over the spatial distribution of the immobilized enzymes 3-14 and the immobilization of the enzyme close to the electrode thus allowing direct electron transfer to be achieved. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] These advantages have resulted in a recent surge in research into self-assembled monolayers for biosensor applications in general, and enzyme electrodes in particular. [25][26][27] However, despite the plethora of biosensor research papers using self-assembled monolayers as the base onto which the biomolecule is immobilized, there has been very little fundamental research into what steps are important in the fabrication process or which parameters control the response of the resultant biosensor.Alkanethiols modifying gold are the most popular SAMs. 25,26 The interaction between the thiol groups and the gold results in a strong pseudocovalent bond 28 which is stable throughout the potential range of 0.8 V to -1.4 V versus Ag/AgCl before being oxidatively or reductively desorbed. 29,30 If the alkanethiol has appropriate chemical functionality, such as an amine or carboxylic acid moiety, then once the SAM is formed, enzymes and other biomolecules can be easily covalently bound to the SAM. In this way, a monolayer or submonolayer of enzyme is immobilized. For enzyme electrodes a short alkyl chain alkanethiol, usually three carbons long, is chosen so that the enzyme is as close as possible to the electrode. An additional advantage of the short alkyl chain is that a relatively disordered SAM is formed which means the underlying metal is still electrochemically accessible. In contrast, if a long chain alkanethiol is used the electrode is passivated unless defects are deliberately introduced into the SAM. 31 There are a number of steps in the fabrication of an enzyme electrode using an alkanethiol. First, the metal surface must be prepared and cleaned. The alkanethiol must self-assemble onto the metal, followed by activation of the chemical functionality of the SAM, leading finally to the exposure of the activated SAM to the enzyme which is when attachment occurs. There are however many unknowns in this fabrication process. Questions that needs answers are: what effect does the roughness of the gold surface have? How long should the metal be exposed to the alkanethiol solution to allow a stable SAM to be formed? What is the optimal procedure for activating the SAM for enzyme attachment? How long should the activated SAM be exposed to enzyme? What should the concentration of the enzyme solution be during enzyme immobilization? Does the buffer used have any effect on subsequent performance? Can the amount of enzyme immobilized be controlled and do different enzyme loadings lead to different electr...

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Section: The Influence Of the Choice Of Buffer During Immobilizationcontrasting

confidence: 55%

Section: Immobilization Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parameters Important in Fabricating Enzyme Electrodes Using Self-Assembled Monolayers of Alkanethiols

et al. 2001

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“…The formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of organomolecules on gold surfaces has continued to attract considerable research interests due to their crucial importance in biology, chemistry and supramolecular nanotechnology. SAMs have been known to offer convenient model systems for probing the interfacial electron-transfer processes [24], [25], [26] and [27], and have been extensively studied in corrosion protection [24], [25], [26], [28] and [29], fabrication of electrochemical-and bio-sensors [15], [17], [18], [19], [20], [30], [31], [32] and [33] and molecular electronic devices [34] and [35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the surface and redox properties of single-walled carbon nanotube—cobalt(II) tetra-aminophthalocyanine self-assembled on gold electrode

Ozoemena

Nyokong

Nkosi

et al. 2007

Electrochimica Acta

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“…A potential scan in the range of −0.6-0.85 V with a scan rate of 50 mV s −1 was implemented to explore the electrochemical behavior of glucose in stirred 0.1 M NaOH aqueous solutions containing 1.33 mM glucose. The estimation of the electrochemically active surface area of the hollow urchin-like and spherical gold electrodes were carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the RandlesSevcik equation for a reversible redox couple, which at 25°C is [31] …”

Section: Electrocatalytic Oxidation Of Glucosementioning

confidence: 99%

Facile synthesis of hollow urchin-like gold nanoparticles and their catalytic activity

et al. 2012

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The galvanic replacement reaction between Ag nanoparticles (NPs) and HAuCl 4 followed by addition of ascorbic acid led to the formation of AuNPs sharing both urchin-like and hollow structures. The AgNPs took as sacrificial templates to guide the hollow structure and the intermediates provided rough surface and active sites for the further deposition of AuNPs, which originated from the reduction of excess HAuCl 4 by ascorbic acid. These unique structured AuNPs presented excellent optical properties and great advantages in catalysis applications.

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Platinum-Catalyzed Enzyme Electrodes Immobilized on Gold Using Self-Assembled Layers

Cited by 259 publications

References 46 publications

Parameters Important in Fabricating Enzyme Electrodes Using Self-Assembled Monolayers of Alkanethiols

Parameters Important in Fabricating Enzyme Electrodes Using Self-Assembled Monolayers of Alkanethiols

Insights into the surface and redox properties of single-walled carbon nanotube—cobalt(II) tetra-aminophthalocyanine self-assembled on gold electrode

Facile synthesis of hollow urchin-like gold nanoparticles and their catalytic activity

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