“…Gamification has been used in a multitude of environments, both outside and in education (Denny, 2013;Deterding, O'Hara et al, 2011;Sailer et al, 2017;Van Roy & Zaman, 2017). In computer programming education, it is believed that games thinking would be more understandable to computer science students (Hung, 2017), and such game-like approaches have been reported on (Barik et al, 2016;Bartel & Hagel, 2016;Di Nunzio, Maistro, & Zilio, 2016;Fotaris et al, 2016;Harrington, 2016;Maia & Graeml, 2015).…”