Due to its multifaceted effects, sport is referred to as a “polypill” and compared with pleiotropic drugs. This article
summarises the biopsychosocial effects of sport. Particular attention is given to the psychological and social effects of
physical activity on children and adolescents. Firstly, sport is defined according to its various forms of organisation
followed by a description of the individual effects on physical, psychological and social resources. These range from
motor performance abilities (conditioning and coordinative abilities) as well as from cognitive, emotional and
motivational aspects to social skills. Although sport – particularly regular physical exercise – can strengthen physical,
psychological and social resources, it is also true that non-physiological stresses, inadequate supervision and normative
structures still have the potential to induce harm at an individual level. Furthermore, socialisation and enculturation
processes relevant to children and adolescents are integrated in the model. The skills learned through sport, particularly
psychological and social skills, can thus become important in other areas of life too. The model proposed here can be
used in both university and non-university teaching as well as for planning specific studies and training approaches.
Keywords: physical activity, athletes, child, adolescent, sport psychology, sport sociology