“…Although there has been considerable research on taste-aroma cross-modal interactions and perception, interactions involving trigeminal stimuli are less understood. Tastants and odorants certainly influence one another, enhancing one another in congruent tasteodor pairs, such as sweet taste and fruity odor, sweet taste and almond odor, or salty taste and cheese odor, even when the odorant is present at subthreshold levels (Auvray & Spence, 2008;Barba, Beno, Guichard, & Thomas-Danguin, 2018;Dalton, Doolittle, Nagata, & Breslin, 2000;Frank & Byram, 1988;Haber et al, 1977;Labbe, Ferrage, Rytz, Pace, & Martin, 2015;Linscott & Lim, 2016;Niimi et al, 2014;Stevenson, Prescott, & Boakes, 1999). However, in the absence of one or the other, odors can evoke a taste perception in the absence of a tastant, but a taste cannot evoke an odor perception in the absence of an odorant (Niimi et al, 2014;Thomas-Danguin, Sinding, Tournier, & Saint-Eve, 2016).…”