Ploidy of Feral Grass Carp in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

Schultz, Summer L. W.; Steinkoenig, Ed L.; Brown, Bonnie L.

doi:10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0096:pofgci>2.0.co;2

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The use of freely flowing cells from fluids, rather than cells mechanically disaggregated from an organ, for instance, assists in maintenance of nuclear integrity. Flow cytometry has been used to assess fish ploidy in larvae (Cassani 1990;Ewing et al 1991), marine species (Johnson et al 1984;Holmefjord and Refstie 1997), and feral grass carp (using blood and gonads; Schultz et al 2001) and to understand the biological significance of triploidy in the gynogenetic Amazon molly Poecilia formosa (Lamatsch et al 2000). Moreover, by optimizing procedures for specific tissue disaggregation, nuclear isolation, fixation, staining, and use of a standard, experimental cell populations can be obtained from multiple tissue types of any aged animal (Allen 1983).…”

Section: Asian Carp Ploidymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, if the need for clean blood collection supplies (e.g., needles, syringes, anticoagulant, and sterile tubes) and immediate sample transfer to laboratories can be eliminated, fisheries biologists would undoubtedly benefit. Flow cytometric ploidy analyses of blood from feral carp have been unsuccessful when fluids collected were not stored at the proper temperature, collected in the correct anticoagulant at the proper concentration, or transported within 48 h of collection (Schultz et al 2001;J. Hawke, Louisiana State University, personal communication).…”

Section: Asian Carp Ploidymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of Eyeballs for Establishing Ploidy of Asian Carp

Jenkins¹,

Thomas²

2007

N American J Fish Manag

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Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and bighead carp H. nobilis are now established and relatively common in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers. Commercial fishers of Louisiana's large rivers report recurrent catches of grass carp, and the frequency of bighead carp and silver carp catch is increasing. Twelve black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus were recently captured from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River system, and 10 were analyzed for ploidy. By using the methods described herein, all 10 fish were determined to be diploid. Such correct identifications of ploidy of feral Asian carp species, as well as other species, would provide science-based information constructive for meeting reporting requirements, tracking fish movements, and forecasting expansion of species distribution. To investigate the postmortem period for sample collection and to lessen demands on field operations for obtaining samples, a laboratory study was performed to determine the length of time for which eyeballs from postmortem black carp could be used for ploidy determinations. Acquiring eyes rather than blood is simpler and quicker and requires no special supplies. An internal DNA reference standard with a documented genome size, including erythrocytes from diploid black carp or Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, was analyzed simultaneously with cells from seven known triploid black carp to assess ploidy through 12 d after extraction. Ploidy determinations were reliable through 8 d postmortem. The field process entails excision of an eyeball, storage in a physiological buffer, and shipment within 8 d at refrigeration temperatures (48C) to the laboratory for analysis by flow cytometry.

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Section: Asian Carp Ploidymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Asian Carp Ploidymentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Eyeballs for Establishing Ploidy of Asian Carp

Jenkins¹,

Thomas²

2007

N American J Fish Manag

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“…Cassani et al (1990) reported mosaic ploidy (2n-4n) after inducing tetraploidy in grass carp using two different pressure shock methods. Schultz et al (2001) captured and examined 11 grass carp using flow cytometry from the Chesapeake Bay watershed, finding tissue ploidy of 1n, 1.5n, 2n, 3n, and 6n; they stated that [t]he wide range of DNA content we observed in gonadal cells could be due to the presence of mosaic somatic cells in the ovarian sample or may be a result peculiar to triploid gametogenesis (due to various cellular attempts at segregation of the extra set of chromosomes).…”

Section: Reversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triploid Grass Carp: Triploid Induction, Sterility, Reversion, and Certification

Zajicek

Goodwin

Weier

2011

N American J Fish Manag

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Nonnative grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella have been used in the United States to control aquatic plants for approximately 42 years and are widely dispersed across 45 states, with reproduction occurring in 7 Mississippi River basin states. To prevent grass carp establishment and spread, a functionally sterile version—triploid grass carp—was produced in the early 1980s. However, there is uncertainty today regarding sterility and the efforts associated with triploid grass carp production and distribution. We reviewed relevant literature to summarize biological issues of interest to fishery managers: cell division for sexual reproduction, the induction of triploidy, sterility, reversion from the triploidy to diploidy, and pertinent aspects of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's triploid grass carp certification program. Received December 13, 2010; accepted May 18, 2011

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“…Only in particular circumstances meeting a number of strict criteria are allowances made for stocking triploid grass carp in Oregon. Illegal releases of diploid grass carp or escaped diploid grass carp thought to be sterile (improperly screened for ploidy) are a concern because they can lead to self-sustaining populations (Schultz et al 2001;Papoulias et al 2011;Chapman et al 2014;Wittmann et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of Triploid Grass Carp in Devils Lake, Oregon

Clemens

Spangler

Robertson³

et al. 2016

Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management

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Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella are sometimes used as a biological tool for managing aquatic vegetation in reservoirs. Sterile, triploid fish were stocked in Devils Lake, Oregon, during 1986, 1987, and 1993 to control aquatic vegetation. We present a case study for using multiple measures on the same fish to determine whether illegal stocking of fertile, diploid grass carp occurred. An investigation into the estimated age of a dead grass carp found in Devils Lake suggested that it was significantly younger than would otherwise be expected, given the only stocking events occurred during 1986, 1987, and 1993. To determine whether illegal stocking or reproduction by presumed sterile grass carp had occurred in Devils Lake, we conducted a study that balanced the needs of lethally sampling grass carp for biological measures with the socially and politically sensitive sentiment of the pro–grass carp citizenry of Devils Lake. These considerations, in combination with a low catch per-unit effort, resulted in a modest sample size for grass carp. We sampled grass carp and recorded multiple measures for each fish. Ploidy testing of blood samples indicated the grass carp were all triploid. Based on gonadal histopathology, six fish were male, two were female, and two were sex-indeterminate with severe gonadal dysgenesis. Age estimates from lapillus otoliths were consistent with fish originating from the legal stocking events in Devils Lake. The grass carp were 21–30 y old, and we were unable to find published reports of grass carp anywhere else in the world that are older. The grass carp were significantly smaller than much younger fish from other regions. The small size of these grass carp relative to their age in Devils Lake suggests food limitations that stunted growth. The dead grass carp that was the impetus for this study was aged by anatomical structures that we have since found to be unreliable. This suggests that the dead grass carp was probably in fact older and originated from the legal stockings. The use of multiple biological measurements on a modest sample size of grass carp, combined with the knowledge that no juvenile grass carp have been observed since legal stocking occurred, lead us to conclude that the grass carp in Devils Lake are sterile fish that originated from legal stocking events.

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Ploidy of Feral Grass Carp in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

Cited by 6 publications

References 11 publications

Use of Eyeballs for Establishing Ploidy of Asian Carp

Use of Eyeballs for Establishing Ploidy of Asian Carp

Triploid Grass Carp: Triploid Induction, Sterility, Reversion, and Certification

Persistence of Triploid Grass Carp in Devils Lake, Oregon

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