ECEC: ('Early Childhood Education and Care') In Finland, ECEC is a non-compulsory part of the Finnish education system and is based on an integrated approach to care, education, and teaching. ECEC is offered to children before they start compulsory school at the age of seven. All children receive compulsory pre-primary education at the age of six (4h/day).
Theoretical approaches to childhood and childhood studiesAccording to Strandell (2010), Finnish childhood studies and sociology have been influenced by a divide between actor-and structure-oriented approaches. This was especially the case in the 1980s and early 1990s. Since then, a more political understanding come into play and, more recently, fluid and mobile concepts, aimed at overcoming the action-structure divide, have begun to inform childhood research (Strandell 2010). Agency is and has been one of the core concepts in Finnish childhood studies, as in many other countries, and it was of especial interest in the late 1990s and early 2000s (Alanen 2020; Strandell 2010). However, other concepts, such as space, generation, belonging, and embodiment, have also been introduced.Theoretically, different approaches are visible in Finnish childhood studies. A Foucault-inspired understanding of governmentality was applied by Siippainen ( 2018), who analyzed intergenerational relations in day care from the viewpoint of governance, and by Kuukka (2015) in relation to children's bodily lives. Harrikari et al. (2011) discuss the concepts of governmentality and the underlying rationalities in the context of institutional early childhood education, child welfare practices, public spaces, and participatory structures.Relational approaches differing in their conceptual emphases have been widely applied.Intergenerational relations have been studied by applying Bourdieusian concepts (e.g., field, capital, habitus). This approach foregrounds the view that the social worlds of children (and adults) are gendered, classed, raced, and generationed, while the theory of fields bridges different