Plume effects on Martian surface: Revealing evolution characteristics of plume-surface interaction at Tianwen-1 landing site

Luo, Pengwei; Zhang, Xiaoping; Liu, Renrui; Zhang, Mingjie; Li, Cunhui; Xu, Yi; Bugiolacchi, Roberto; Hua, Baocheng; Zhang, Haiyan; Li, Liansheng; You, Jilin; Xu, Yanyan; Lei, Lei; Zou, Xin; Fu, Qingfei; Wang, Yi; Liang, Xiao; Zhuang, Jianhong; Wang, Li; Wang, Yuming; Wang, Weidong; Feng, Linping; Liu, Haiwen; Li, Tao

doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2023.107278

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 51 publications

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“…In situ observations at the Zhurong landing site can provide more evidence to determine whether the surface materials are igneous or sedimentary. Many dark‐toned rocks were exposed by the plume of the retrorocket under the Tianwen‐1 lander (Figure 8a), suggesting that the shallow stratigraphic architecture may comprise dust/sand‐coated black rocks, extending to at least ∼0.35 m thick (Luo et al., 2023). Additionally, scattered dark‐toned rocks are found around the craters along the Zhurong traverse (Figure 8c), primarily resulting from the small impacts since the Amazonian period (B. Wang et al., 2024).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkali Trace Elements Observed by MarSCoDe LIBS at Zhurong Landing Site on Mars: Quantitative Analysis and Its Geological Implications

Luo,

Liu,

Chen

et al. 2024

JGR Planets

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Mars Surface Composition Detector (MarSCoDe) is one of the important payloads carried by the Zhurong rover, China's first Mars exploration mission Tianwen‐1. The laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument of MarSCoDe is mainly used to detect major and trace elements on the surface of Mars. The quantitative analysis of alkali trace elements, namely lithium (Li), strontium (Sr), and rubidium (Rb), holds significance in unraveling the geological evolution of the Zhurong landing site. This study focuses on establishing univariate calibration models using MarSCoDe LIBS spectra from 84 samples tested in the ground laboratory. The accuracy of these models, within a few parts per million (ppm), was subsequently validated through the analysis of 12 onboard MarSCoDe Calibration Targets (MCCTs). With these models, Li, Sr, and Rb concentrations in the surface targets during the initial 300 sols (Martian days) traverse were determined. These concentrations ranged from 6 to 18, 106–628, and 22–87 ppm, respectively. Our results suggest that Li, Sr, and Rb are mainly related to the igneous rock components in the rocks and soils at the Zhurong landing site. The major secondary minerals in MarSCoDe scientific targets are likely small amounts of sulfates, which appear to have formed from the acidic weathering of recent surface brine. Clay minerals are likely either absent or very sparse in the scientific targets. The surface igneous materials at the landing site likely have originated from the most recent lava flow during the Amazonian epoch.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkali Trace Elements Observed by MarSCoDe LIBS at Zhurong Landing Site on Mars: Quantitative Analysis and Its Geological Implications

Luo,

Liu,

Chen

et al. 2024

JGR Planets

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Formation of Tianwen-1 landing crater and mechanical properties of Martian soil near the landing site

Chen,

Zhang,

et al. 2024

International Journal of Mining Science and Technology

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Fluorescence imaging of plume-surface interaction in large-scale reduced pressure environments

Rodrigues,

Tyrrell,

Danehy

2024

Physics of Fluids

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Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) was applied for the first time in the 20-ft vacuum chamber at the Marshall Space Flight Center to visualize the plume-surface interaction (PSI) of a nitrogen jet seeded with nitric oxide (NO). A Mach 5.3 nozzle was used to simulate the exhaust of a landing spacecraft for two different jet stagnation pressures and one jet stagnation temperature. A flat plate was used to simulate the landing surface, and two different dimensionless altitudes were investigated. The chamber pressure was reduced such that both lunar-relevant environments at 0.01–28 Pa and Martian-relevant environments at ∼600 Pa were investigated. PLIF flow visualization was performed using a pulsed, tunable, ultraviolet laser, which entered the vacuum chamber through a window, and was directed to the test article using remote-controlled mirrors. Fluorescence at ultraviolet wavelengths was imaged using an intensified camera, which was placed inside a pressurized enclosure located inside the vacuum chamber. For the Martian-relevant condition, a Mach disk and stagnation bubble were observed at h/De = 10, whereas a pair of oblique stagnation shocks were observed at h/De = 3. Significantly complex flows, such as different stagnation shock behaviors, were observed for the lunar-relevant conditions based on the h/De and Reynolds number. The results presented here are the first NO-PLIF measurements of the PSI flowfield within rarefied environments. The unique information on jet expansion and plume structure will be useful to aid researchers in validating complex computational simulations and to inform engineering designs of extraterrestrial landing systems.

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Plume effects on Martian surface: Revealing evolution characteristics of plume-surface interaction at Tianwen-1 landing site

Cited by 4 publications

References 51 publications

Alkali Trace Elements Observed by MarSCoDe LIBS at Zhurong Landing Site on Mars: Quantitative Analysis and Its Geological Implications

Alkali Trace Elements Observed by MarSCoDe LIBS at Zhurong Landing Site on Mars: Quantitative Analysis and Its Geological Implications

Formation of Tianwen-1 landing crater and mechanical properties of Martian soil near the landing site

Fluorescence imaging of plume-surface interaction in large-scale reduced pressure environments

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