Pluripotent stem cells for skeletal tissue engineering

Abstract

Here, we review the use of human pluripotent stem cells for skeletal tissue engineering. A number of approaches have been used for generating cartilage and bone from both human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. These range from protocols relying on intrinsic cell interactions and signals from co-cultured cells to those attempting to recapitulate the series of steps occurring during mammalian skeletal development. The importance of generating authentic tissues rather than just differentiated cells is emphasized and enabling technologies for doing this are reported. We also review the different methods for characterization of skeletal cells and constructs at the tissue and single-cell level, and indicate newer resources not yet fully utilized in this field. There have been many challenges in this research area but the technologies to overcome these are beginning to appear, often adopted from related fields. This makes it more likely that cost-effective and efficacious human pluripotent stem cell-engineered constructs may become available for skeletal repair in the near future.

Recent trends in bone tissue engineering: a review of materials, methods, and structures

“…It has been reported that ESCs or hESC-derived MSCs in the presents of bioactive osteogenic agents (such as β-glycerophosphate, ascorbic acid, and dexamethasone) induce differentiation into the osteogenic lineage [29]. It should be noted that somatic mesoderm or ectomesenchymal cells are the primary sources for the formation of osteogenic lineage cells [30]. Therefore, in another strategy, ESCs may be used, in which they directly induce the formation of mesoderm (co-cultured with hepatic cells and also used as the conditioned medium of hepatic cells) via bypassing the EB.…”

Advances in Skeletal Muscle Engineering in Biomedical Research

“…Valuable for regenerative medicine, understanding muscle development, and studying genetic muscle disorders Suitable for tissue engineering and exploring therapeutic interventions [27][28][29][30][31] traditional 2D cultures, 3D engineered muscle has the following advantages: longer incubation time, higher maturity, stronger mechanical properties, as well as the integration of nerves and blood vessels. Therefore, muscle tissue engineering has been applied for drug testing, disease modeling, software robot building, and other biomedical fields.…”

“…Key options for cell sources in muscle tissue engineering mainly include primary cells from muscle biopsies, [15][16][17][18][19][20] muscle cell lines, [21][22][23][24][25][26] and stem cells derived from muscle cells. [27][28][29][30][31] The choice of cell source in muscle tissue engineering depends on the research objectives and the crucial factors, including the physiological relevance of the model, regenerative potential, convenience, and target applications. Each cell source brings distinct advantages, limitations, and applicability, as summarized in Table 1.…”

“…The hPSCs hold regenerative potential, can be utilized for disease modeling, and possess the capacity to differentiate into diverse muscle cell types. [ 28 ] Studies of iPSC‐based skeletal muscle regeneration strategies include direct transplantation of iPSC‐derived myoblasts (Mbs) into the in vivo microenvironment and engineering of skeletal muscle structures in vitro, in which iPSCs are differentiated into myotubes in vitro and then implanted in vivo. [ 29 ] A single‐fiber‐scale 3D in vitro model of human skeletal muscle was constructed using primary human myoblasts and embryonic stem cells.…”

The Composition of Adipose-Derived Regenerative Cells Isolated from Lipoaspirate using a Novel Point of Care System does not Depend on the Subject's Individual Age, Gender, Body Mass Index and Ethnicity

“…Some authors have proposed to use stem cells derived from embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) for regeneration of musculoskeletal tissues [35][36][37][38][39][40]. However, these cell types have distinct disadvantages, hence the clinical application of these cell types for regeneration of musculoskeletal tissues will most likely not be introduced in routine clinical practice in the foreseeable future (Table 2) [3,5,7,8].…”