PMN cell counts and phagocytic activity of highly trained athletes depend on training period

Hack, Volker; Strobel, Günther; Weiß, Michael; Weicker, H

doi:10.1152/jappl.1994.77.4.1731

Cited by 94 publications

(69 citation statements)

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“…In vitro chemotactic differential and chemotactic index of blood PMN are higher in induced ketotic cows than in non-ketotic cows, though the difference is not significant [56]. These results are in agreement with studies of NEB in humans in whom the chemotactic capacity and the random migration of PMN from short-period NEB are not different in comparison with non-NEB subjects [8,38]. However, cows with spontaneous postpartum NEB, in which it is assumed that the NEB occurs over several weeks, have impaired chemotactic functions of leukocytes [107,108].…”

Section: Capacity Of Blood Leukocytes To Migrate Into the Infected Glandsupporting

confidence: 82%

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Hyperketonemia and the impairment of udder defense: a review

et al. 2000

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-The objective of this study was to review the possible relationships between hyperketonemia and the function of phagocytes with respect to the bovine udder defense mechanism. We hypothesize that an increased incidence of clinical mastitis in high-producing cows is caused by the impairment of the udder defense mechanism during hyperketonemia. First, we review the acute phase of udder defense mechanisms after intramammary infection. The physiological changes of cows in negative energy balance are subsequently discussed. Finally, possible relationships between udder defense and physiological changes during negative energy balance, especially hyperketonemia, are reviewed. The three stages of an acute phase of udder defense are: (1) immediately eliminating invading pathogens by phagocytes, (2) releasing inflammatory substances, especially chemoattractants, and (3) migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the infected udder. Leukocytes from hyperketonemia subjects show a lower capacity of the phagocytic defense mechanism. In addition, the phagocytic and bactericidal capacities of neutrophils are reduced when these cells are acting in the presence of high concentrations of ketone bodies. Lower amounts of cytokine production after bacterial infection are observed in ketotic subjects. The chemotactic capacity of blood leukocytes is impaired in leukocytes obtained from ketotic cows. Lower numbers of blood leukocytes are observed in ketotic cows. In conclusion, the impairment of the udder defense mechanism in negative energy balance cows seems related to hyperketonemia. ketosis / negative energy balance / mastitis / udder defense mechanism / cow Résumé -Hypercétonémie et diminution des défenses mammaires : une synthèse. L'objectif de cette étude est de présenter des relations possibles entre l'hypercétonémie et la fonction des phagocytes pour ce qui est des mécanismes de défense de la mamelle. Notre hypothèse est qu'une Vet. Res. 31 (2000) 397-412 397

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Section: Capacity Of Blood Leukocytes To Migrate Into the Infected Glandsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…After prolonged exercise, the amount of superoxide anions produced by leukocytes is lower in NEB humans [29,38]. Concentration of ketone bodies is negatively associated with the generation of superoxide anions and with respiratory burst activity [29].…”

Section: Capacity Of the Phagocytosis By Polymorphonuclear Cells And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperketonemia and the impairment of udder defense: a review

et al. 2000

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“…11,13,[19][20][21] This is especially apparent in the studies by Hack et al 19 and Baj et al, 11 with neutrophil function in athletes similar to controls during periods of low-volume training but significantly suppressed during the summer months of intensive training. In contrast, no difference in neutrophil/monocyte phagocytosis or oxidative burst activity was measured in elite female rowers and controls 3 months prior to the world championships.…”

Section: Innate Immunitymentioning

confidence: 90%

Exercise effects on systemic immunity

Nieman¹

2000

Immunol Cell Biol

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Summary Heavy exertion has acute and chronic influences on systemic immunity. In the resting state, the immune systems of athletes and non-athletes are more similar than disparate with the exception of NK cell activity, which tends to be elevated in athletes. Many components of the immune system exhibit adverse change after prolonged, heavy exertion. These immune changes occur in several compartments of the immune system and body (e.g. the skin, upper respiratory tract mucosal tissue, lung, blood and muscle). Although still open to interpretation, most exercise immunologists believe that during this 'open window' of impaired immunity (which may last between 3 and 72 h, depending on the immune measure) viruses and bacteria may gain a foothold, increasing the risk of subclinical and clinical infection. The infection risk may be amplified when other factors related to immune function are present, including exposure to novel pathogens during travel, lack of sleep, severe mental stress, malnutrition or weight loss.

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“…Hack et al reported increased ROS after 1 d of exercise [3]. In many studies, ROSs' are found to be decreased after exercise [4]. Physical exercise at high altitude decreases the generation of free radical species and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) [5].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Moderate Altitude on Exhaled Nitric Oxide, Erythrocytes Lipid Peroxidation and Superoxide Dismutase Levels.

Güzel

Sayan²,

Erbaş³

2000

JJP

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Physical exercise at high altitude has become common as one of the luxuries of modern life. Physical activities begin to be affected at about the elevation of 1,300 m due to reductions in ventilation. Endurance (aerobic) exercises are affected more by altitude than sprinting or anaerobic exercise. Training time for acclimatization needs to be longer as the altitude becomes higher [1].Several researchers have investigated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production activity of circulating neutrophils after exercise and have reported conflicting findings including increases, decreases or no change in the response [2]. The variability in the findings could be attributable to the difference in the intensity and duration of exercise or the sampling point for the assesment. Hack et al. reported increased ROS after 1 d of exercise [3]. In many studies, ROSs' are found to be decreased after exercise [4]. Physical exercise at high altitude decreases the generation of free radical species and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) [5]. At high altitude, the decreased filterability of erythrocytes may be due to increased lipid peroxidation [6]. Radak et al. (1997) have shown that 4 weeks of exercise at an altitude of 4,000 m increased the activity of mitochondrial SOD in skeletal muscle [5]. Exhaled nitric oxide increases through exercise, but there is no information for high altitude. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of high altitude on the oxidant-antioxidant mechanisms and NO x levels in trained subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis study was performed using nine healthy male (mean age 19.3Ϯ3.7) and nine healthy female (mean age 18.3Ϯ2) cross-country skiers with at least 1 year of experience. They individually prepared themselves by endurance training daily for 1.5 h by skiing at low (856 m above sea level in Ankara) and moderate (2,300 m above sea level in Erciyes, PO 2 was 83 mm Hg) altitudes. The period of stay at the moderate altitude was 7 d. All of the blood measurements were performed before (12 h before moving to the moderate altitude), during (1st day and 7th day) and Japanese Journal of Physiology, 50, 187-190, 2000 Key words: nitric oxide, nitrite, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation, altitude. Abstract:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of staying at a moderate altitude (2,300 m, 7 d) on the levels of plasma nitrite, exhaled nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Measurements were obtained from 9 female (mean age 18.3Ϯ2) and 9 male (mean age 19.3Ϯ3.7) cross-country volunteer skiers: before, during (1st day, 7th day) and after staying at a moderate altitude. Exhaled nitric oxide levels were measured only before and after staying at the altitude. Nitrite levels increased throughout the stay at the altitude, while MDA levels decreased. In parallel with the nitrite levels, SOD activities were also found to have increased. Exhaled NO values were decreased after the stay at the moderate altitude. These results show that altitude hypoxia ...

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PMN cell counts and phagocytic activity of highly trained athletes depend on training period

Cited by 94 publications

References 0 publications

Hyperketonemia and the impairment of udder defense: a review

Hyperketonemia and the impairment of udder defense: a review

Exercise effects on systemic immunity

Effects of Moderate Altitude on Exhaled Nitric Oxide, Erythrocytes Lipid Peroxidation and Superoxide Dismutase Levels.

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