PMP-based power management strategy of fuel cell hybrid vehicles considering multi-objective optimization

An energy management approach of hybrid vehicles using traffic preview information for energy saving

“…The battery recovers the regenerative braking energy and it can also be charged by the FCS in order to maintain the battery SOC level. [14]. Figs.…”

“…A 62 kW FCS and a 1.95 kW h battery are the two power sources of the FCHV. Further information on this FCHV can be found in our previous research [14] and in Appendix A. This FCHV will be used throughout this paper.…”

“…Figs. A.5 and A.6 [14] show the battery open circuit voltage and the internal resistance used in the battery model (1).…”

Optimal power source sizing of fuel cell hybrid vehicles based on Pontryagin's minimum principle

“…2 [15]. The relationship between FCS fuel consumption rate and power output for multiple fuel cell sizes is shown in Fig.…”

“…A rule-based power management strategy for fuel cell/battery hybrid city buses, which considers travel range, accelerating time, maximum vehicle speed, and hydrogen consumption, was developed by Xu et al (2013) [11]. The power management strategies developed in these studies above can be summarized as following: rule-based strategies [11,17,18], intelligent control strategies [8,14], and optimal control strategies [15,16]. Serrao et al reviewed and compared rule-based and optimal control strategies in detail [19].…”