Pneumococcal sialidase promotes bacterial survival by fine-tuning of pneumolysin-mediated membrane disruption
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Molecular characterization of a novel putative pathogen, Streptococcus nakanoensis sp. nov., isolated from sputum culture
Reports of novel species of α-hemolytic Streptococcus have increased recently. However, limited information exists regarding the pathogenicity of these species, with the exception of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae . In this study, a quinolone-resistant α- Streptococcus strain, MTG105, was isolated from the sputum of a patient with pneumonia. This strain was first identified as S. pneumoniae at the hospital laboratory; however, it exhibited unique genetic features upon further analysis. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity based on BLAST values from whole-genome sequencing revealed MTG105 to be a novel species closely related to S. pseudopneumoniae . Although MTG105 carried two copies of the pneumolysin gene, similar to S. pseudopneumoniae , this isolate exhibited susceptibility to optochin under both aerobic and 5% CO 2 conditions. Notably, no biochemical features could be used to definitively identify this species. In an infection assay using organotypic lung tissue models, MTG105 induced epithelial damage comparable to that of S. pneumoniae and S. pseudopneumoniae , possibly suggesting its potential as a pathogenic α- Streptococcus . The natural transformation abilities of Streptococcus species facilitate their exchange of genes within the same genus, resulting in the existence of species with increasingly more diverse genome structures. Therefore, the identification of this species highlights the importance of monitoring the emergence of novel species exhibiting virulence and/or multidrug resistance. This isolate was proposed as a novel species, designated Streptococcus nakanoensis sp. nov. The type strain was MTG 105 T (= JCM 35953 T = CCUG 76894 T ). IMPORTANCE The genus Streptococcus encompasses a wide range of bacteria with more than 60 species. Recently, there has been a notable increase in reports of novel species of α- Streptococcus based on genomic analysis data. However, limited information exists regarding the pathogenicity of these species. In this study, a quinolone-resistant α-hemolytic Streptococcus strain, MTG105, was isolated from a patient with pneumonia. Genetic analysis revealed that this species was a novel species closely related to S. pseudopneumoniae . In an infection assay using organotypic lung tissue models, MTG105 induced epithelial damage comparable to that caused by S. pneumoniae and S. pseudopneumoniae , strongly suggesting its potential as a pathogenic α- Streptococcus . The natural transformation abilities of Streptococcus species facilitate gene exchange within the same genus, leading to the emergence of species with increasingly diverse genome structures. Therefore, the identification of this species underscores the importance of monitoring the emergence of novel species exhibiting virulence and/or multidrug resistance.
Molecular characterization of a novel putative pathogen, Streptococcus nakanoensis sp. nov., isolated from sputum culture
Reports of novel species of α-hemolytic Streptococcus have increased recently. However, limited information exists regarding the pathogenicity of these species, with the exception of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae . In this study, a quinolone-resistant α- Streptococcus strain, MTG105, was isolated from the sputum of a patient with pneumonia. This strain was first identified as S. pneumoniae at the hospital laboratory; however, it exhibited unique genetic features upon further analysis. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity based on BLAST values from whole-genome sequencing revealed MTG105 to be a novel species closely related to S. pseudopneumoniae . Although MTG105 carried two copies of the pneumolysin gene, similar to S. pseudopneumoniae , this isolate exhibited susceptibility to optochin under both aerobic and 5% CO 2 conditions. Notably, no biochemical features could be used to definitively identify this species. In an infection assay using organotypic lung tissue models, MTG105 induced epithelial damage comparable to that of S. pneumoniae and S. pseudopneumoniae , possibly suggesting its potential as a pathogenic α- Streptococcus . The natural transformation abilities of Streptococcus species facilitate their exchange of genes within the same genus, resulting in the existence of species with increasingly more diverse genome structures. Therefore, the identification of this species highlights the importance of monitoring the emergence of novel species exhibiting virulence and/or multidrug resistance. This isolate was proposed as a novel species, designated Streptococcus nakanoensis sp. nov. The type strain was MTG 105 T (= JCM 35953 T = CCUG 76894 T ). IMPORTANCE The genus Streptococcus encompasses a wide range of bacteria with more than 60 species. Recently, there has been a notable increase in reports of novel species of α- Streptococcus based on genomic analysis data. However, limited information exists regarding the pathogenicity of these species. In this study, a quinolone-resistant α-hemolytic Streptococcus strain, MTG105, was isolated from a patient with pneumonia. Genetic analysis revealed that this species was a novel species closely related to S. pseudopneumoniae . In an infection assay using organotypic lung tissue models, MTG105 induced epithelial damage comparable to that caused by S. pneumoniae and S. pseudopneumoniae , strongly suggesting its potential as a pathogenic α- Streptococcus . The natural transformation abilities of Streptococcus species facilitate gene exchange within the same genus, leading to the emergence of species with increasingly diverse genome structures. Therefore, the identification of this species underscores the importance of monitoring the emergence of novel species exhibiting virulence and/or multidrug resistance.
Achieving Endo/Lysosomal Escape Using Smart Nanosystems for Efficient Cellular Delivery
The delivery of therapeutic agents faces significant hurdles posed by the endo-lysosomal pathway, a bottleneck that hampers clinical effectiveness. This comprehensive review addresses the urgent need to enhance cellular delivery mechanisms to overcome these obstacles. It focuses on the potential of smart nanomaterials, delving into their unique characteristics and mechanisms in detail. Special attention is given to their ability to strategically evade endosomal entrapment, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy. The manuscript thoroughly examines assays crucial for understanding endosomal escape and cellular uptake dynamics. By analyzing various assessment methods, we offer nuanced insights into these investigative approaches’ multifaceted aspects. We meticulously analyze the use of smart nanocarriers, exploring diverse mechanisms such as pore formation, proton sponge effects, membrane destabilization, photochemical disruption, and the strategic use of endosomal escape agents. Each mechanism’s effectiveness and potential application in mitigating endosomal entrapment are scrutinized. This paper provides a critical overview of the current landscape, emphasizing the need for advanced delivery systems to navigate the complexities of cellular uptake. Importantly, it underscores the transformative role of smart nanomaterials in revolutionizing cellular delivery strategies, leading to a paradigm shift towards improved therapeutic outcomes.
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