“…The most commonly used polysaccharide vaccine, PPV23 ( Pneumovax ® , Merck), formulated with 23 different pneumococcal serotypes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6b, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19F, 19A, 20, 22F, 23F, and 33F) has been available since 1983 in certain age categories, but is poorly immunogenic in young children and has no effect on nasopharyngeal carriage [57,58,81]. To improve the immunogenicity for children under two years of age, a heptavalent conjugate vaccine, PCV7 ( Prevnar ® , Wyeth), formulated with serotypes 4-, 6B-, 9V-, 14-, 18C-, 19F-, and 23F-specific polysaccharides individually conjugated to DT mutant CRM197, was licensed in 2000 for a routine national vaccination campaign in US Studies with Prevnar ® , in which >37,000 children showed 94% prevention of invasive pneumococcal diseases [82,83].…”