Pneumonia due to Talaromyces marneffei in a Dog from Southern Brazil with Concomitant Canine Distemper Virus Infection

Canine morbillivirus (canine distemper virus) with concomitant canine adenovirus, canine parvovirus-2, and Neospora caninum in puppies: a retrospective immunohistochemical study

“…The results from these findings have demonstrated that most puppies (80%; 12/15) submitted for routine autopsy were infected by two or more infectious disease pathogens. These results are similar to those described in other studies that examined one 5 , 8 , 10 , 13 , 17 , 20 , 21 , 35 or more dogs 7 , 18 , 19 , 24 , 25 , to identify infectious disease pathogens by using several diagnostic methods. The location (cytoplasmic or nuclear) for the labelling of the antigens for all infectious disease pathogens observed during this study is consistent with previous studies 26 , 36 .…”

“…Finally, all slides were counter-stained with Harris haematoxylin and assembled with a commercial resin. Positive antigen controls consisted of FFPE tissue sections from previous studies 13 , 18 , 38 , 63 , 64 ; negative controls consisted of the diluents of the primary antibodies which substituted each primary antibody. Positive and negative controls were included in each assay.…”

“…CDV produces immunosuppression 3 in susceptible hosts by targeting cells that express the signalling activation molecule (SLAM) 4 , which frequently results in opportunistic infectious diseases caused by agents such as Bordetella bronchiseptica 5 , 6 , Candida sp. 7 , Clostridium piliforme 8 , Toxoplasma gondii 9 – 11 , Dirofilaria immitis 11 , Mycoplasma cynos 12 , and Talaromyces marneffei 13 . Although the occurrence of CD is significantly reduced in domestic dog populations in developed countries due to the use of vaccination 14 , the disease is endemic and a major cause of canine mortality in urban populations of Brazil 15 , 16 , where an estimated 147.5–160.3 million USD is spent annually due to the therapy of the systemic effects of CDV 15 .…”

Disseminated melanized fungal infection due to Cladosporium halotolerans in a dog coinfected with canine adenovirus-1 and canine parvovirus-2

“…Fungal DNA was extracted from frozen sections of the cerebrum and kidney by using the commercial kit Qiagen DNeasy blood & tissue kit (Qiagen Sample & Assay Technologies, Hilden, Germany) and then subjected to PCR assays that the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) 1 and 2 regions by using the universal ITS 1 and 4 primers [25] and a partial fragment of the beta-tubulin gene [26]. Positive controls consisted of fungal DNA from a previous study [27]. Nuclease-free water (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA, USA) was used as negative controls in all PCR assays.…”

“…Canine distemper was investigated since this is the principal cause of neurological disease and mortality in urban dogs from Brazil [29,30]. Positive controls consisted of FFPE tissues from previous studies known to contain the antigens of these infectious disease pathogens [27,28,31]; negative controls consisted of the diluent of the primary antibodies which substituted each primary antibody in the IHC assays. Positive and negative controls were included in each IHC assay.…”