Pneumonia in Children

Scottá, Marcelo Comerlato; Maróstica, Paulo José Cauduro; Stein, Renato T.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-44887-1.00025-0

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 140 publications

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“…Severe CAP caused by MRSA was most commonly observed in children under 2 years old (75.0%), followed by those aged 2–5 years old (21.9%), and less common in children over 5 years old (3.1%). This result is consistent with the literature and many studies which noted that children under 5 years of age, especially infants under 12 months old, are more susceptible to pneumonia than older children and more likely to develop more severe illness [ 16 , 20 ]. This is explained because children under 12 months of age suffer from a decrease in passive immunity from the mother, while the body’s active immunity has not yet fully formed [ 21 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Pathogenic Role and Antibiotic Resistance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Strains Causing Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Vietnamese Children

Tran

Nguyen

Pham³

et al. 2023

Advances in Respiratory Medicine

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In recent years, the pathogenic role and antibiotic resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains causing severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) have received increasing attention in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of isolates of MRSA strains causing severe CAP in children and to assess their level of antibiotic resistance. The study design was cross-sectional. Children with severe CAP were sampled by nasopharyngeal aspiration for the culture, isolation, and identification of MRSA. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the gradient diffusion method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics. Results: MRSA was identified as the second leading cause of severe CAP in Vietnamese children. The rate of isolates of S. aureus was 41/239 (17.5%), of which most were MRSA, at 32/41 (78.0%). MRSA strains were completely non-susceptible to penicillin (100%), more resistant to clindamycin and erythromycin, less sensitive to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, and fully susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid, with a 32-fold decreased MIC90 for vancomycin (0.5 mg/L) and a 2-fold decreased MIC90 for linezolid (4 mg/L). Therefore, vancomycin and linezolid may be appropriate options for severe CAP identified by MRSA.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Until now, S. pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) had always been the dominant agents causing CAP in children [ 16 , 17 ]. However, in recent years, the increased use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and Hib vaccines in many countries around the world has changed the cause of pneumonia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic Role and Antibiotic Resistance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Strains Causing Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Vietnamese Children

Tran

Nguyen

Pham³

et al. 2023

Advances in Respiratory Medicine

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“…In spite of better nutrition and access to vaccines, in 2018, 16% to 20% of global deaths in children under 5 years of age were attributed to pneumonia 1,2 . With an estimated 915 000 fatal pediatric cases, pneumonia remains the leading cause of death worldwide despite a decline in infectious disease‐related mortality over the past decade 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygen insecurity and mortality in resource‐constrained healthcare facilities in rural Kenya

Otiangala

Agai

Olayo

et al. 2020

Pediatric Pulmonology

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Introduction Pneumonia is the leading cause of death globally in children. Supplemental oxygen reduces mortality but is not available in many low‐resource settings. Inadequate power supply to drive oxygen concentrators is a major contributor to this failure. The objectives of our study were to (a) assess the availability of therapeutic oxygen; (b) evaluate the reliability of the electrical supply; and (c) investigate the effects of suboptimal oxygen delivery on patient outcomes in selected healthcare facilities in rural Kenya. Materials and Methods A cross‐sectional descriptive study on oxygen availability and descriptive case series of Kenyan children and youth hospitalized with hypoxemia. Results Two of 11 facilities had no oxygen equipment and nine facilities had at least one concentrator or cylinder. Facilities had a median of seven power interruptions per week (range: 2‐147). The median duration of the power outage was 17 minutes and the longest was more than 6 days. The median proportion of time without power was out 7% (range: 1%‐58%). Fifty‐seven patients hospitalized with hypoxemia (median oxygen saturation 85% [interquartile range {IQR}: 82‐87]) were included in our case series. Patients received supplemental oxygen for a median duration of 4.6 hours (IQR: 3.0‐7.8). Eighteen patients (32%) faced an oxygen interruption of the median duration of 11 minutes (IQR: 9‐20). A back‐up cylinder was used in 5/18 (28%) cases. The case fatality rate was 11/57 (19%). Conclusion Mortality due to hypoxemia remains unacceptably high in low‐resource healthcare facilities and may be associated with oxygen insecurity, related to lack of equipment and/or reliable power.

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“…Prevention of aspiration depends on the accuracy of coordination of laryngeal closure, apnea pause, and opening of the upper esophageal sphincter [ 23 ]. Also, if the patient is tachypneic (respiratory rate > 60 breaths per minute in an infant < 2 months of age, 50 breaths per minute for infants 2–12 months of age, and 40 breaths per minute for children 1–5 years of age [ 47 ]) after extubation, dysphagia can result [ 34 ].…”

Section: Post-intubation Dysphagiamentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 and Dysphagia in Children: A Review

Tutor

2022

Dysphagia

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Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection usually causes mild symptoms in children. However, serious complications may occur as a result of both acute infection or in association with the multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). Dysphagia may develop as a sequela of COVID-19. We review the limited data on dysphagia associated with COVID-19 infection in children. Children can develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to severe COVID-19 infection leading to endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. These children can possibly develop post-intubation dysphagia. Screening for the presence of dysphagia, in an effort to minimize aspiration, in children with active COVID-19 infection must be done carefully to reduce the risk of transmission of the virus. Those children diagnosed with persistent dysphagia after COVID-19 infection has resolved will need further evaluation and management by pediatric subspecialists experienced in treating children with this condition. We recommend, this evaluation and treatment be done by a pediatric aerodigestive team.

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Pneumonia in Children

Cited by 10 publications

References 140 publications

Pathogenic Role and Antibiotic Resistance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Strains Causing Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Vietnamese Children

Pathogenic Role and Antibiotic Resistance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Strains Causing Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Vietnamese Children

Oxygen insecurity and mortality in resource‐constrained healthcare facilities in rural Kenya

COVID-19 and Dysphagia in Children: A Review

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