Podzolic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution, and classification

SanbornPaul,; LamontagneLuc,; HendershotWilliam,

doi:10.4141/cjss10024

Cited by 93 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 216 publications

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“…Two major groups of processes have been proposed to explain Podzol formation (podzolization): (a) creation and downward transport of complexes of organic acids with Al and Fe; and (b) silicate weathering followed by downward transport of Al and Si as inorganic colloidal sol (Lundsröm et al 2000). The portion of "organic" or "inorganic" complexes in transport process and their formation, precipitation, adsorption or degradation were the object of numerous studies (Lundström et al 2000;Farmer & Lumsdon 2001;Fritsch et al 2009Sanborn et al 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

Study of podzolization process under different vegetation cover in the Jizerské hory Mts. region.

Nikodem¹,

Pavlů²,

Kodešová³

et al. 2013

Soil & Water Res.

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The development of Podzols is conditioned by many factors. One of them is vegetation cover. The aim of this study was to examine in detail special chemical properties, micromorphological features and water retention ability of Podzols under two different vegetation covers (spruce forest and grass). The study was performed in the Jizerské hory Mts., which were strongly influenced by atmospheric acidificant depositions in the past. The study was focused on the assessment of a 30-year grass amelioration impact on soils on the former forest land. It was shown that larger differences in the studied chemical properties (pH KCl 2+ and Al 3+ species) were in the surface organic horizons and decreased with depth. Podzolization intensity was higher under the spruce forest than under the grass cover. Higher amounts of potentially dangerous Al forms were detected in the soils under the spruce forest than under the grass. Grass expansion on clear-cut areas (former forest) as a natural amelioration step results in the particular restoration of soil conditions. The micromorphological features studied on the soil thin sections using the optical microscope and soil water retention curves measured on the undisturbed 100 cm 3 soil samples showed a significant influence of the organic matter presence on the soil structure and retention ability of H and Bhs horizons. Soil under the grass cover had denser structure (e.g. greater fraction of small capillary pores) and higher retention ability than soil under the spruce forest. Very similar retention curves were measured in the Ep and Bs horizons under both vegetation covers. Micromorphological features studied on the thin soil sections clearly documented a podzolization mechanism (e.g. organic material transport and its accumulation, weathering process and Fe oxidation and mobilization).

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confidence: 99%

Study of podzolization process under different vegetation cover in the Jizerské hory Mts. region.

Nikodem¹,

Pavlů²,

Kodešová³

et al. 2013

Soil & Water Res.

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“…Conversely, although it represents just a small part of total C, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) may contribute to the formation of naturally compacted layers (Sanborn et al, 2011). The main sources of organic C in subsoils are DOC, plant roots and root exudates, and organic particulates transported from soil surface (Rumpel and Kögel-Knabner, 2011).…”

Section: Effects Of Sampling Depth and Soil Components On Bd And DCmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Loss of soil quality affects crop productivity and thus is a major issue in intensive production systems. Soil compaction caused by natural processes (Sanborn et al, 2011) and heavy machines (Alakukku et al, 2003) is one of the major soil degradation problems worldwide. Crop yields may drop by average rates ranging from 15% in maize across soil textural groups (Duiker and Curran, 2004;Wolkowski and Lowery, 2008) to 34% in potato grown in coarse-textured soils (Stalham et al, 2005;Wolkowski and Lowery, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cementing agents can enhance aggregate stability, leading to higher soil shear strength (Yee and Harr, 1977). Dissolved salts, organic acids, hydroxides, and oxides from secondary minerals (Duiker et al, 2003;Sanborn et al, 2011), lime, humic substances, hydroxyl-Al polymers, Al and Ca phosphates and Si 3+ , Fe 3+ , Al 3+ , and Ca 2+ compounds act as cementing agents, whereas K promotes soil dispersion (Pagé and Berrier, 1983;Haynes and Naidu, 1998). Polyvalent cations Mn 2+ , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ form cationic bridges with clay particles and soil organic matter (Lal and Shukla, 2004;Bronick and Lal, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compaction of Coarse-Textured Soils: Balance Models across Mineral and Organic Compositions

Jiménez

Parent

et al. 2017

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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Soil bulk density (BD), degree of compactness (DC), maximum bulk density (MBD), and critical water content (CWC) at which MBD is reached are commonly used to characterize soil compaction, and can be predicted from soil texture and organic matter content, omitting other components such as sand sub-classes and soil cementing agents and potential biases such as data redundancy and sub-compositional incoherence. Compositional data analysis is needed to account for interactions among soil components and to avoid biases. The aim of this study was to relate soil compaction indexes to the basic components of coarse-textured soils using unbiased numerical techniques. Soil samples collected in horizons A and B at 49 sites in Quebec, Canada, were analyzed for gravimetric water content, BD, particle-size distribution, MBD, CWC, organic C, total N, Si, Fe, Al, Mn, Mg, and Ca. DC was calculated as the ratio of BD to MBD. The 14 physical-chemical soil properties were expressed as isometric log-ratios balances. We conducted principal component analysis to identify the components most correlated with compaction indexes. We used regression analysis to predict MBD and CWC, and used linear mixed-effects models to predict BD and DC. The regression models accounted for up to 83% of total variation in MBD and CWC, and the linear mixed-effects models explained 58-64% of total variation in BD and DC. BD and DC were found to decrease with clay content, and increase with larger proportion of coarser particles. Organic matter content tended to reduce BD and DC, and showed little effects on MBD. Increasing evenness of sand fractions resulted in a higher MBD value. Relationships between CWC and soil texture, and between CWC and organic C were not significant. Mineral cementing agents were the major contributors to soil compaction indexes. Si, Al, Fe, and Ca oxides increased BD, DC, and CWC, but reduced MBD. The sensitivity of coarse-textured soils to compaction could be predicted to support decisions on soil resilience after ripping and on the need to implement corrective chemical, biological and physical methods such as soil amendments, structure-building crops or textural mixtures to rebalance soil compositions.

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“…Some vegetation communities have commonly been observed in association with specific soil types (Lundström et al, 2000, Mourier et al, 2010, Willis et al, 1997. Podzols are typically found in boreal spruce forests under well-drained conditions (Sanborn et al, 2011;Ugolini et al, 1981). Yet it is still unclear (i) what part pre-existing soil properties play in the establishment and maintenance of the different ecosystems and (ii) how the persistence of a specific vegetation cover contributes to changing or maintaining specific soil properties.…”

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confidence: 99%

Boreal coniferous forest density leads to significant variations in soil physical and geochemical properties

et al. 2017

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Abstract. At the northernmost extent of the managed forest in Quebec, Canada, the boreal forest is currently undergoing an ecological transition between two forest ecosystems. Open lichen woodlands (LW) are spreading southward at the expense of more productive closed-canopy black sprucemoss forests (MF). The objective of this study was to investigate whether soil properties could distinguish MF from LW in the transition zone where both ecosystem types coexist. This study brings out clear evidence that differences in vegetation cover can lead to significant variations in soil physical and geochemical properties.Here, we showed that soil carbon, exchangeable cations, and iron and aluminium crystallinity vary between boreal closed-canopy forests and open lichen woodlands, likely attributed to variations in soil microclimatic conditions. All the soils studied were typical podzolic soil profiles evolved from glacial till deposits that shared a similar texture of the C layer. However, soil humus and the B layer varied in thickness and chemistry between the two forest ecosystems at the pedon scale. Multivariate analyses of variance were used to evaluate how soil properties could help distinguish the two types at the site scale. MF humus (FH horizons horizons composing the O layer) showed significantly higher concentrations of organic carbon and nitrogen and of the main exchangeable base cations (Ca, Mg) than LW soils. The B horizon of LW sites held higher concentrations of total Al and Fe oxides and particularly greater concentrations of inorganic amorphous Fe oxides than MF mineral soils, while showing a thinner B layer. Overall, our results show that MF store three times more organic carbon in their soils (B+FH horizons, roots apart) than LW. We suggest that variations in soil properties between MF and LW are linked to a cascade of events involving the impacts of natural disturbances such as wildfires on forest regeneration that determines the vegetation structure (stand density) and composition (ground cover type) and their subsequent consequences on soil environmental parameters (moisture, radiation rate, redox conditions, etc.). Our data underline significant differences in soil biogeochemistry under different forest ecosystems and reveal the importance of interactions in the soil-vegetation-climate system for the determination of soil composition.

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Podzolic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution, and classification

Cited by 93 publications

References 216 publications

Study of podzolization process under different vegetation cover in the Jizerské hory Mts. region.

Study of podzolization process under different vegetation cover in the Jizerské hory Mts. region.

Compaction of Coarse-Textured Soils: Balance Models across Mineral and Organic Compositions

Boreal coniferous forest density leads to significant variations in soil physical and geochemical properties

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