“…Like other recurrent motifs (e.g., Refs 3–6, 14, 21, 24, 26, 29, 42, 55, and 80, see Table 1 for an exhaustive list of additional references), the motifs characterized here are considered as ‘modules’ that can be combined to form motifs of higher complexity—in many ways illustrating a type of hierarchy akin to that which is found within the basic structure of a primitive language. 6,109,110 The principles that govern the formation of complex RNA structures can be mapped onto the grammatical rules found in linguistics: syllables (small submotifs) combine to form words (motifs), which further combine to form sentences (higher order motifs or domains). Ultimately, it should be possible to use the complete RNA structural syntax network to design and synthesize any arbitrary shapes or assembly made of RNA.…”