Point-of-Use Interventions to Decrease Contamination of Drinking Water: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study on Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Acceptability of Closed Containers, Moringa oleifera, and In-home Chlorination in Rural South India

Firth, Jacqueline; Balraj, Vinohar; Muliyil, Jayaprakash; Roy, Shalini; Rani, Lilly Michael; Chandresekhar, R.; Kang, Gagandeep

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0206

Cited by 44 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This study indicated that the use of Waterguard ® chlorination significantly reduced contamination by E.coli bacteria in household-stored water, and similar health benefits to those observed by Nath et al (2006) were therefore expected, despite the fact that chlorine failed to eliminate all bacteria in drinking water. Similar results were observed in rural south India where Firth et al (2010) studied point-of-use treatment to decrease contamination and found that use of chlorine reduced coliform counts to potable levels but did not eliminate all of the bacteria.…”

Section: Scientific Versus Socio-economic Appropriateness Of Chlorinasupporting

confidence: 69%

“…The use of chlorine in water from PSWs confirms that it is at least a partially-effective solution but it remains a socio-economically unsuitable answer for the majority of rural residents. In rural south India, Firth et al (2010) found the addition of chlorine to be widely unaccepted among the population sampled. Conversely, participants for this study were willing to use chlorine but they could not afford to purchase it on a regular basis.…”

Section: Scientific Versus Socio-economic Appropriateness Of Chlorinamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of microbial contamination of groundwater in upper Limphasa River catchment, located in a rural area of northern Malawi

Kanyerere¹,

Levy²,

Xu³

et al. 2012

WSA

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In rural Africa, scientific evidence is often lacking to guide the scaling-up of groundwater as the safest source of potable water. An investigation was conducted in the Upper Limphasa Catchment in northern Malawi to determine the safety of groundwater sources and to explore factors influencing water quality. Water samples from 17 boreholes, 6 hand-dug wells and 90 households were analysed for selected parameters. Portable incubators, multi-parameter probe and colorimetric standard methods were used for field measurements, and standard methods were used for laboratory water analysis. Results were compared to specified guidelines of the World Health Organization and Malawi Bureau of Standards to establish the potability of water. Statistical results using non-parametric t-tests indicated that the wells were more contaminated with E. coli bacteria than boreholes (p=6.2x10 -6 ), suggesting non-consideration of local hydrogeologic factors in groundwater development. Water from boreholes that tested negative for pathogens at source tested positive at some households (total coliform: p=0.0042 and E. coli p=7.8x10 -7 ) suggesting the effect of handling practices. Water from wells that was not treated with chlorine showed higher levels of E. coli than treated water from the same sources, confirming the effectiveness of chlorine in reducing pathogenic bacteria in households' stored drinking-water, reinforcing the scientific basis for scaling up chlorine as effective disinfectant. However, this study demonstrated that chlorine failed to effectively eliminate all pathogens in drinking water. As a case study in tropical rural environments in Africa, these findings on the suitability of using chlorine as disinfectant and on factors explaining groundwater contamination, though provisional, provide a scientific basis for assessing cost-effectiveness and sustainability of scaling-up the use of chlorine as a curative remedy and of systematically investigating local hydrogeologic factors in order to implement measures to protect groundwater quality in povertyprone rural communities.

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Section: Scientific Versus Socio-economic Appropriateness Of Chlorinasupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Scientific Versus Socio-economic Appropriateness Of Chlorinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of microbial contamination of groundwater in upper Limphasa River catchment, located in a rural area of northern Malawi

Kanyerere¹,

Levy²,

Xu³

et al. 2012

WSA

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“…In rural and urban Vellore, multiple studies have demonstrated fecal contamination of drinking water, likely due to poor design and maintenance of water supply systems, inadequate water treatment, and prolonged household storage 7,10–12. Additional chlorination and solar disinfection have shown efficacy in reducing fecal contamination of drinking water at the point of use; however, poor uptake has led to only limited health gains from these interventions 11,13…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Membrane Filtration to Improve Drinking Water: A Quasi-Experimental Study from Rural Southern India

Francis

Sarkar

Roy

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Self Cite

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Since point-of-use methods of water filtration have shown limited acceptance in Vellore, southern India, this study evaluated the effectiveness of decentralized membrane filtration 1) with safe storage, 2) without safe storage, versus 3) no intervention, consisting of central chlorination as per government guidelines, in improving the microbiological quality of drinking water and preventing childhood diarrhea. Periodic testing of water sources, pre-/postfiltration samples, and household water, and a biweekly follow up of children less than 2 years of age was done for 1 year. The membrane filters achieved a log reduction of 0.86 (0.69–1.06), 1.14 (0.99–1.30), and 0.79 (0.67–0.94) for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli, respectively, in field conditions. A 24% (incidence rate ratio, IRR [95% confidence interval, CI] = 0.76 [0.51–1.13]; P = 0.178) reduction in diarrheal incidence in the intervention village with safe storage and a 14% (IRR [95% CI] = 1.14 [0.75–1.77]; P = 0.530) increase in incidence for the intervention village without safe storage versus no intervention village was observed, although not statistically significant. Microbiologically, the membrane filters decreased fecal contamination; however, provision of decentralized membrane-filtered water with or without safe storage was not protective against childhood diarrhea.

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“…Parental influence over drinking water has also been demonstrated in rural Kenya (Makutsa et al, 2001) and India (Firth et al, 2010), where low cost drinking water contamination interventions were hindered by cultural practices that caused low acceptance and sustained the use of untreated water. In Camarines Sur, Philippines, in 2012, it was found that villagers who had access to chlorinated water chose to drink from untreated wells because parents were resistant to change, despite deaths due to a cholera outbreak (De Guzman, Carr de los Reyes, Sucaldito, & Tayag, 2015).…”

Section: Parental Influencementioning

confidence: 99%

Working With an Aboriginal Community to Understand Drinking Water Perceptions and Acceptance in Rural New South Wales

Jaravani

Massey

Judd

et al. 2017

iipj

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This study explored the Walhallow Aboriginal community's experiences with drinking water to gain a shared understanding about community concerns and to develop ways to address these concerns together. There is a strong connection between people and water, as well as a need to appreciate the social factors associated with the unique cultural and socioeconomic factors that the provision of drinking water has for Aboriginal communities. We used a mixed method design within a community-based participatory action Research (PAR) framework. Water hardness and parental influence were the key factors associated with participants' decisions to drink rainwater. This study provides important insights for water supply authorities when assessing health risks and when choosing appropriate mitigation measures for water quality improvement programs in Aboriginal communities.

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Point-of-Use Interventions to Decrease Contamination of Drinking Water: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study on Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Acceptability of Closed Containers, Moringa oleifera, and In-home Chlorination in Rural South India

Cited by 44 publications

References 22 publications

Assessment of microbial contamination of groundwater in upper Limphasa River catchment, located in a rural area of northern Malawi

Assessment of microbial contamination of groundwater in upper Limphasa River catchment, located in a rural area of northern Malawi

Effectiveness of Membrane Filtration to Improve Drinking Water: A Quasi-Experimental Study from Rural Southern India

Working With an Aboriginal Community to Understand Drinking Water Perceptions and Acceptance in Rural New South Wales

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