Points in question why do some parasitic nematodes secrete acetylcholinesterase (AChE)?

Pritchard, D. I.

doi:10.1016/0020-7519(93)90157-t

Cited by 16 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…It is likely that the simultaneous silencing of the smche genes in this study has a profound effect on parasite viability due to the knockdown of cholinergic signaling, a process to which all paralogs contribute, as they have all been shown to hydrolyze ChE substrates. Also possible is that knockdown of these three genes might have resulted in the ablation of multiple other functions that have been suggested for these molecules [5, 48, 56]. Reflective of in vitro silencing experiments, worm recovery from mice infected with all groups of smche -silenced parasites was significantly less than controls, indicating that suppression of smache1 , smbche1 or smache2 could inhibit schistosome establishment and/or development in the host.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel cholinesterase paralogs of Schistosoma mansoni have perceived roles in cholinergic signalling and drug detoxification and are essential for parasite survival

et al. 2019

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Cholinesterase (ChE) function in schistosomes is essential for orchestration of parasite neurotransmission but has been poorly defined with respect to the molecules responsible. Interrogation of the S. mansoni genome has revealed the presence of three ChE domain-containing genes (Smche)s, which we have shown to encode two functional acetylcholinesterases (AChE)s (Smache1 –smp_154600 and Smache2 –smp_136690) and a butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (Smbche1 –smp_125350). Antibodies to recombinant forms of each SmChE localized the proteins to the tegument of adults and schistosomula and developmental expression profiling differed among the three molecules, suggestive of functions extending beyond traditional cholinergic signaling. For the first time in schistosomes, we identified ChE enzymatic activity in fluke excretory/secretory (ES) products and, using proteomic approaches, attributed this activity to the presence of SmAChE1 and SmBChE1. Parasite survival in vitro and in vivo was significantly impaired by silencing of each smche, either individually or in combination, attesting to the essential roles of these molecules. Lastly, in the first characterization study of a BChE from helminths, evidence is provided that SmBChE1 may act as a bio-scavenger of AChE inhibitors as the addition of recombinant SmBChE1 to parasite cultures mitigated the effect of the anti-schistosome AChE inhibitor 2,2- dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate—dichlorvos (DDVP), whereas smbche1-silenced parasites displayed increased sensitivity to DDVP.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel cholinesterase paralogs of Schistosoma mansoni have perceived roles in cholinergic signalling and drug detoxification and are essential for parasite survival

et al. 2019

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“…A recent study on hostparasite relationship by de Lange et al (2020) also strengthens our work. This experiment on Taenia larva hasdemonstrated that larvae of Taenia crassiceps release considerable amount of AChE in its excretory/secretory product which may be responsible for pathogenesis of neurocysticercosis (de Lange et al, 2020) Some investigations have apparently suggested that AChE, secreted by gut dwelling nematodes, can modulate the immune system of the host (Pritchard, 1993;Rhoads, 1984). In Nippostrongylus brasiliensis adult, the enteric AChE inhibits the development of M2 macrophages and thus increases the chance of parasite survival (Vaux et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secretory acetylcholinesterase activities in fresh Ascaridia galli adult (Nematoda), excretory/secretory products, post-secretory parasite and gastrointestinal tissue of host Gallus gallus domesticus: A preliminary comparative study in host-parasite relationship

Maity¹,

Mondal²,

Ghosh³

et al. 2022

JSR

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Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an esterase enzyme, terminates synaptic transmission by hydrolyzing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into acetate and choline. Found in membrane-bound form, AChE has also been reported to be secreted in soluble form by numerous enteric helminth parasites. Secretory AChE is considered to be an immunomodulator that may promote the survival of parasites against the host’s immune response. Our aim was to investigate the immunomodulation and survival strategy of helminth parasites Ascaridia galli inside the host Gallus gallus domesticus through analysis of AChE activity. The parasites, host intestinal tissue and post-secretory parasites were subjected to centrifugation, followed by AChE activity determination. The AChE activities among intestinal tissue, fresh parasites, excretory/secretory (E/S) product and post-secretory parasites were even compared. An inverse relationship between the reduced enzyme activity of the host’s intestinal tissue and the increased enzyme activity in the parasite was observed. Our study indicates that the increased AChE activities in fresh parasites, postsecretory parasites and E/S product are their survival strategy as well as a part of their adaptive features vis-à-vis the hostile environment of the host’sintestine.

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“…Salah satu senyawa yang dihasilkan dari degranulasi sel mast adalah histamin yang dapat menimbulkan vasodilatasi buluh darah kapiler (Cotran et al, 1999). Pritchard (1993), menyatakan bahwa salah satu peranan asetilkolin adalah sebagai sekresi mukus. Enzim yang dilepaskan cacing dapat memecahkan asetilkolin inang definitif dan menghasilkan prekursor asetat dan kolin bagi metabolisme cacing nematoda.…”

Section: Hasil Dan Pembahasanunclassified

Histopathological Changes of Chicken (Gallus domesticus) Small Intestine Naturally Infected by Ascaridia galli

2014

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This study was aimed at finding out the histopathological changes of chicken small intestines that were naturally infected by Ascaridia galli. Ten intestines were obtained from wet market in Banda Aceh then measured in length and divided into three sections: duodenum, jejunum and ileum, of which histologic slides were made. The number of Ascaridia galli founded in the lumen and ingesta were counted. Parameter picture of histopathologycal changes were scored. Results were analyzed descriptively. Duodenum, jejunum and ileum infected by Ascaridia galli showed hyperemia, hemorrhage, desquamation, inflamatory cell infiltration, histopathological changes of villi represented by desquamation, hyperplasia and fusion. Damage level of the small intestine chicken was largely determined by the number of infecting Ascaridia galli. It was concluded that the more number of Ascaridia galli that infect chickens, the more damage occurred in the small intestine of chicken.Key words: intestine, chicken, Ascaridia galli

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Points in question why do some parasitic nematodes secrete acetylcholinesterase (AChE)?

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Novel cholinesterase paralogs of Schistosoma mansoni have perceived roles in cholinergic signalling and drug detoxification and are essential for parasite survival

Novel cholinesterase paralogs of Schistosoma mansoni have perceived roles in cholinergic signalling and drug detoxification and are essential for parasite survival

Secretory acetylcholinesterase activities in fresh Ascaridia galli adult (Nematoda), excretory/secretory products, post-secretory parasite and gastrointestinal tissue of host Gallus gallus domesticus: A preliminary comparative study in host-parasite relationship

Histopathological Changes of Chicken (Gallus domesticus) Small Intestine Naturally Infected by Ascaridia galli

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