Poisoning of Honeybees Foraging on Euphorbia Geniculata

Allozyme variation and differentiation among four Apis species

“…Maa's (1953) systematic revision that split this group into three genera (after Ashmead 1904) and 24 species has not been widely followed, although Sakagami et al (1980) have proposed that Maa's division of A. dorsata (Megapis) into four distinct species be recognized. In contrast to these proposals for subdivision of the genus, it has also been suggested that the two cavity-nesting species A. mellifera and A. cerana be consolidated into a single species, based on morphological, behavioral, or cytogenetic similarities (Kerr & Laidlaw, 1956;Deodikar et aL, 1959;Deodikar et al, 1961;Wilson, 1971). Uncertainty regarding the specific status of A. mellifera and A. cerana still appears in the literature (Culliney, 1983), although Ruttner and Maul (1983) conclusively demonstrated the presence of complete reproductive isolation between the species.…”

“…The latter line then gave rise to the A. dorsata line and a line leading to the two cavity-nesters A. mellifera and A. cerana. A. cerana has been proposed to have given rise to A. mellifera somewhere in the Himalayas (Deodikar et aL, 1959). Alternatively, Koeniger (1976) proposed that cavity nesting is ancestral, with the aerial single combs of A. florea and A. dorsata arising as adaptations to tropical climates.…”

“…To-date, most discussion of the taxonomy and phylogeny of Apis has been based on behavioral, morphological, or cytogenetic evidence (Deodikar et aL, 1959;Kerr, 1969;Wilson, 1971;Michener, 1974;Koeniger, 1976;Ruttner, 1988), but has not considered data derived from molecular techniques. At the generic level, gel electrophoresis of enzymes is the molecular technique most widely applied to insect systematics (Berlocher, 1984).…”

Melissopalynological analysis of selected samples from Kannur and Wayanad districts of Kerala, India

“…Abundant research on analysis of pollen from honey samples, pollen loads, bee nutrition and bee keeping were reported in different parts of the country and worldwide. Several studies on bee plant relationship have been carried out by many workers (Deodikar & Thakar, 1955, 1966, Deodikar, 1964, Suryanarayana and Thakar, 1966. Polln analysis in different honey samples in India was carried out by different workers (Sharma & Nair (1965), Suryanarayana et al, (1981), Sivaram et al, 2012, & Ashoke Bhattacharya, 2014.…”