Poisoning of platinum-rhodium automotive three-way catalysts:  behavior of single-component catalysts and effects of sulfur and phosphorus

Williamson, W. B.; Stepien, H. K.; Gandhi, H. S.

doi:10.1021/es60163a008

Cited by 25 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In the first few years of tetraethyllead additive production, bromine was added to gasoline in the form of triethylbromine, along with carbon tetrachloride and, later, trichloroethylene. Since the early 1940s, leaded automotive gasoline has contained EDB and 1 ,ZDCA in proportion to the amount of tetraalkyllead with a molar ratio of Pb:Cl:Br of 1:2:1 (Hirschler et al 1957;Momss et al 1958;Working Group on Lead Contamination 1965;Pierrard 1969;Robbins and Snitz 1972;Otto and Montreuil 1976;Leinster et al 1978;Jacobs 1980;Williamson et al 1980;Lane 1980;Pignatello and Cohen 1990;Alexeeff et al 1990, Thomas et al 1997. Since the early 1940s, leaded automotive gasoline has contained EDB and 1 ,ZDCA in proportion to the amount of tetraalkyllead with a molar ratio of Pb:Cl:Br of 1:2:1 (Hirschler et al 1957;Momss et al 1958;Working Group on Lead Contamination 1965;Pierrard 1969;Robbins and Snitz 1972;Otto and Montreuil 1976;Leinster et al 1978;Jacobs 1980;Williamson et al 1980;Lane 1980;Pignatello and Cohen 1990;Alexeeff et al 1990, Thomas et al 1997.…”

Section: History Of Leaded Gasoline Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1925, the triethylbromine was replaced with EDB, and EDB was the principal lead scavenger until the early 194Os, when 1.2-DCA was substituted for part of the EDB to reduce costs (Jacobs 1980;Thomas et al 1997). Since the early 1940s, leaded automotive gasoline has contained EDB and 1 ,ZDCA in proportion to the amount of tetraalkyllead with a molar ratio of Pb:Cl:Br of 1:2:1 (Hirschler et al 1957;Momss et al 1958;Working Group on Lead Contamination 1965;Pierrard 1969;Robbins and Snitz 1972;Otto and Montreuil 1976;Leinster et al 1978;Jacobs 1980;Williamson et al 1980;Lane 1980;Pignatello and Cohen 1990;Alexeeff et al 1990, Thomas et al 1997. Aviation gasoline does not contain 1,ZDCA and uses a Pb:Br molar ratio of 1:2, or twice the amount of bromine as the standard automotive motor mix (Jacobs 1980;Lane 1980;Cohen 1990, Thomas et al 1997).…”

Section: History Of Leaded Gasoline Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Potential for Ground Water Contamination by the Gasoline Lead Scavengers Ethylene Dibromide and 1,2‐Dichloroethane

Falta

2004

Groundwater Monitoring Rem

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Ethylene dibromide (EDB) is a synthetic organic chemical that was produced in large amounts for use as a leaded gasoline additive and pesticide. The chlorinated solvent 1,2‐dichlorethane (1,2‐DCA) is widely used in the chemical industry, and was also added to leaded gasoline. EDB and 1,2‐DCA are classified as probable human carcinogens by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), and EDB's use as a pesticide was suspended in 1984. The current U.S. EPA maximum contaminant level (MCL) for EDB in drinking water is 0.05 μg/L, and the MCL for 1,2‐DCA is 5 μg/L. EDB has proven to be both mobile and persistent in ground water, and contamination of ground water by EDB was documented in several states beginning in the early 1980s. The majority of this contamination is attributed to agricultural uses of EDB; however, ∼90% of the EDB produced was used as a leaded gasoline additive and it was present in virtually all leaded gasoline sold in the United States. 1,2‐DCA is commonly found as a ground water contaminant, and it is both mobile and persistent. Past investigations and remediation efforts at sites contaminated by leaded gasoline have rarely addressed the potential for EDB or 1,2‐DCA contamination. For this reason, there is a substantial likelihood that undetected EDB and 1,2‐DCA plumes above the MCL may exist at many sites where leaded gasoline leaked or spilled.

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Section: History Of Leaded Gasoline Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: History Of Leaded Gasoline Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential for Ground Water Contamination by the Gasoline Lead Scavengers Ethylene Dibromide and 1,2‐Dichloroethane

Falta

2004

Groundwater Monitoring Rem

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“…The catalytically active sites for this method include platinum [14,15], rhodium [16,17], palladium [18,19], copper [20], and iron [21]. Platinum and rhodium are highly active, stable at high-temperature working conditions, and effective for the removal of NO; its limitation includes high cost and sensitivity to poisoning [22]. Palladium exhibits effective at low temperature, but it is also an expensive material and poisoned by sulfur compounds [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NO Dissociation on Platinum and Platinum-Rhodium Alloy: A Theoretical Investigation

Vu,

Phung,

Thong

et al. 2023

Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal.

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In this computational study, the preferential adsorption and co-adsorption sites of various chemical species (N, O, and NO) on the Pt (111) and Rh3Pt (111) surfaces were identified. The preferential adsorption site for NO and co-adsorption sites for N and O on the Pt (111) surface are the hollow (fcc) sites; and these on the Rh3Pt (111) surface are the hollow (fcc1) site and hollow N(hcp2)-O(fcc1) sites, respectively. The activation energies of the NO dissociation reaction on the Pt (111) and Rh3Pt (111) catalytic surfaces are 2.35 and 2.02 eV, respectively. The lower activation energy of the NO decomposition on the Rh3Pt (111) surface is explained by the stronger back-donation from the 4d orbital of the Rh atoms to the 2 anti-bonding orbital of the NO molecule. The activation energies of the N and O recombination reaction on the Pt (111) and Rh3Pt (111) catalytic surfaces are 1.51 and 2.30 eV, respectively. The study indicates that the Rh3Pt (111) surface not only facilitates the NO decomposition but also better prevents N and O from recombination. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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References

Taylor¹

1984

Automobile Catalytic Converters

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Poisoning of platinum-rhodium automotive three-way catalysts: behavior of single-component catalysts and effects of sulfur and phosphorus

Cited by 25 publications

References 13 publications

The Potential for Ground Water Contamination by the Gasoline Lead Scavengers Ethylene Dibromide and 1,2‐Dichloroethane

The Potential for Ground Water Contamination by the Gasoline Lead Scavengers Ethylene Dibromide and 1,2‐Dichloroethane

NO Dissociation on Platinum and Platinum-Rhodium Alloy: A Theoretical Investigation

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