Poisonous plants of the United States

Panter, Kip E.; Welch, Kevin D.; Gardner, Dale R.; Lee, Steven T.; Green, Ben T.; Pfister, James A.; Cook, Daniel; Davis, T. Zane; Stegelmeier, Bryan L.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385926-6.00100-9

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Consequently, animals are potentially exposed to multiple poisonous plants containing multiple toxins. For many of the poisonous plants, basic toxicological information is available such as the LD 50 , the mechanism of action, and the clinical signs associated with their toxicoses (Burrows et al, 2004;Burrows and Tyrl, 2001;Panter et al, 2012). However, very rarely is there information available on the effects of animals consuming combinations of these poisonous plants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of low larkspur (Delphinium spp.) co-administration on the acute toxicity of death camas (Zigadenus spp.) in sheep

Welch¹,

Gardner²,

Stonecipher³

et al. 2013

Toxicon

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In most cases where livestock are poisoned by plants in a range setting, there is more than one potential poisonous plant in the same area. Two poisonous plants that are often found growing simultaneously in the same location are death camas (Zigadenus spp.) and low larkspur (Delphinium spp.). Sheep are known to be susceptible to death camas poisoning while they are thought to be resistant to larkspur. The objective of this study was to determine if co-administration of low larkspur would exacerbate the toxicity of death camas in sheep. A dose finding study was performed to find a dose of death camas that caused minimal clinical signs of poisoning. Sheep were observed for clinical signs of poisoning as well as changes in heart rate and muscle fatigue. Sheep dosed with 1.14 g of death camas per kg BW showed slight frothing and lethargy, whereas sheep dosed with death camas and low larkspur showed slightly more noticeable clinical signs of poisoning. Sheep dosed with only low larkspur, at 7.8 g/kg BW, showed no signs of poisoning. Although we observed a qualitative difference in clinical signs of intoxication in sheep co-treated with death camas and low larkspur we did not detect any quantitative differences in heart rate, exercise-induced muscle fatigue, or differences in serum zygacine kinetics. Consequently, the results from this study suggest that low larkspur does not affect the toxicity of death camas in sheep. The results from this study increase knowledge and understanding regarding the acute toxicity of death camas and low larkspur in sheep. As combined intoxications are most likely common, this information will be useful in further developing management recommendations for ranchers and in designing additional experiments to study the toxicity of death camas to other livestock species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of low larkspur (Delphinium spp.) co-administration on the acute toxicity of death camas (Zigadenus spp.) in sheep

Welch¹,

Gardner²,

Stonecipher³

et al. 2013

Toxicon

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“…Consequently, animals are exposed to multiple poisonous plants and thus many different toxins. The basic toxicological information is available for several poisonous plants including the LD 50 , the mechanism of action, and the clinical signs associated with their toxicosis [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. However, there is a lack of information available regarding the effects of animals consuming combinations of these poisonous plants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Co-Administration of Death Camas (Zigadenus spp.) and Low Larkspur (Delphinium spp.) in Cattle

Welch

Green

Gardner

et al. 2016

Toxins

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In many rangeland settings, there is more than one potential poisonous plant. Two poisonous plants that are often found growing simultaneously in the same location in North American rangelands are death camas (Zigadenus spp.) and low larkspur (Delphinium spp.). The objective of this study was to determine if co-administration of death camas would exacerbate the toxicity of low larkspur in cattle. Cattle dosed with 2.0 g of death camas/kg BW showed slight frothing and lethargy, whereas cattle dosed with both death camas and low larkspur showed increased clinical signs of poisoning. Although qualitative differences in clinical signs of intoxication in cattle co-treated with death camas and low larkspur were observed, there were not any significant quantitative differences in heart rate or exercise-induced muscle fatigue. Co-treatment with death camas and low larkspur did not affect the serum zygacine kinetics, however, there was a difference in the larkspur alkaloid kinetics in the co-exposure group. Overall, the results from this study suggest that co-exposure to death camas and low larkspur is not significantly more toxic to cattle than exposure to the plants individually. The results from this study increase our knowledge and understanding regarding the acute toxicity of death camas and low larkspur in cattle.

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“…Obviously, the intercalating concern between pharmacology and toxicology is dose-dependent [ 131 ]. It is essential to be aware of the toxicity that plants of veterinary significance can have to avoid disease or mortality in livestock [ 135 , 136 ]. Studies defining the concentration and dosage of specific plant components or extracts that lead to detrimental effects in animals and humans are needed to define working dosages.…”

Section: Plant-derived Compounds With Potential Use For Tick Pest mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant-Derived Natural Compounds for Tick Pest Control in Livestock and Wildlife: Pragmatism or Utopia?

Quadros¹,

Johnson

Whitney³

et al. 2020

Insects

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Ticks and tick-borne diseases are a significant economic hindrance for livestock production and a menace to public health. The expansion of tick populations into new areas, the occurrence of acaricide resistance to synthetic chemical treatments, the potentially toxic contamination of food supplies, and the difficulty of applying chemical control in wild-animal populations have created greater interest in developing new tick control alternatives. Plant compounds represent a promising avenue for the discovery of such alternatives. Several plant extracts and secondary metabolites have repellent and acaricidal effects. However, very little is known about their mode of action, and their commercialization is faced with multiple hurdles, from the determination of an adequate formulation to field validation and public availability. Further, the applicability of these compounds to control ticks in wild-animal populations is restrained by inadequate delivery systems that cannot guarantee accurate dosage delivery at the right time to the target animal populations. More work, financial support, and collaboration with regulatory authorities, research groups, and private companies are needed to overcome these obstacles. Here, we review the advancements on known plant-derived natural compounds with acaricidal potential and discuss the road ahead toward the implementation of organic control in managing ticks and tick-borne diseases.

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Poisonous plants of the United States

Cited by 16 publications

References 87 publications

The effect of low larkspur (Delphinium spp.) co-administration on the acute toxicity of death camas (Zigadenus spp.) in sheep

The effect of low larkspur (Delphinium spp.) co-administration on the acute toxicity of death camas (Zigadenus spp.) in sheep

The Effect of Co-Administration of Death Camas (Zigadenus spp.) and Low Larkspur (Delphinium spp.) in Cattle

Plant-Derived Natural Compounds for Tick Pest Control in Livestock and Wildlife: Pragmatism or Utopia?

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