Poisson–Nernst–Planck framework for modelling ionic strain and temperature sensors

Balakrishnan, Gaurav; Song, Jiwoo; Khair, Aditya S.; Bettinger, Christopher J.

doi:10.1039/d2tb02819k

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…For instance, the outer adhesion may cause tissue or clothing surface adhesion that is inconvenient during use. [ 1c,8d,22 ] Furthermore, hydrophilic hydrogels will also swell in high‐humidity environments, resulting in a significant loss of mechanical properties. [ 23 ] As such, it is important to have a protective layer with low adhesion, high toughness, and environmental stability.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, typical wearable devices are rigid and can exhibit unreliable function and lead to tissue damage, due to mechanical mismatches between the device and the tissue at their interface. [ 1b ] To overcome such limitations, flexible and stretchable bioelectronics have attracted much attention, as they can be adapted to match the electromechanical properties and deformation of human skin or organs. [ 1a,c,2 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 1b ] To overcome such limitations, flexible and stretchable bioelectronics have attracted much attention, as they can be adapted to match the electromechanical properties and deformation of human skin or organs. [ 1a,c,2 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowadays, new flexible electronic materials, such as intrinsically conductive polymers, nanomaterials, and carbon‐based polymeric materials, are being explored to enhance skin bioelectronic systems. [ 1b ] Unlike electronic skins that transduce electrical signals via electronic conduction, ionic skins mimic the sensing function of natural skin based on ionic conduction. Generally, ionic skins can be fabricated from ion‐conductive hydrogels (ionic gels) and ionogels, which are polymer networks swollen with aqueous inorganic salt solutions and ionic liquids, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent advances in wearable bioelectronics have opened new ways to understand the human body and deliver new functions to it. [ 1 ] These wearable devices can monitor the physiological signals of humans and facilitate sophisticated treatment for diseases. However, typical wearable devices are rigid and can exhibit unreliable function and lead to tissue damage, due to mechanical mismatches between the device and the tissue at their interface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Asymmetric “Janus” Biogel for Human‐Machine Interfaces

Wei,

He,

Wang

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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Human‐machine interfaces (HMIs) are essential for effective communication between machines and tissues. However, mechanical and biological mismatches, along with weak adhesion between rigid electronic devices and soft tissue, often cause unreliable responses and affect the signal recording of HMIs. In this study, an asymmetrical “Janus” biogel patch with one side firmly adhering to tissues, and the other surface having little adhesion and minimal interactions with surrounding environments has been developed. A series of analytical, mechanical, and electrical tests are performed to investigate the “Janus” biogel patch as a functional and biocompatible HMI. It is found that the gallic acid‐modified gelatin adhesive surface on one side exhibits body temperature‐dependent tissue adhesion, enabling low modulus and seamless skin contact. The other side is a tough gelatin/glycerol gel layer, which is thermally welded into the adhesive layer and functions as an encapsulant to prevent external interference due to adhesion. The encapsulation layer also exhibits a low friction coefficient when wet and proves to be a reliable alternative barrier to conventional encapsulation materials. The scientific insights and engineering principles revealed in this type of “Janus” biogel will be applicable to a broad range of biomedical applications, such as epidermal adhesive electrodes or skin‐adhesive wearable devices.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Asymmetric “Janus” Biogel for Human‐Machine Interfaces

Wei,

He,

Wang

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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Purposive Design of Stretchable Composite Electrodes for Strain‐Negative, Strain‐Neutral, and Strain‐Positive Ionic Sensors

Choi,

Jeong

2023

Advanced Materials

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Soft ionic sensors have emerged as a promising device form to accommodate various future electronic applications. One of the hurdles in ionic sensors is that the sensing signals by mechanical deformation and other stimuli are mixed up. Although the performance of the ionic sensors is highly dependent on the structure of electrodes, systematic investigation of purposive electrode design has been rarely explored. This study proposes a simple strategy for designing stretchable composite electrodes which make the ionic sensor strain‐negative, strain‐neutral, and strain‐positive. This study reveals that such strain‐responses can be obtained by adjusting the surface coverage of the electrically‐effective conductive fillers. On the basis of the concept, deposition of a Au film on an elastomer composite and crack formation of the Au film are presented for the practical fabrication of a highly reproducible strain‐neutral ionic sensor. A completely strain‐independent temperature sensor is demonstrated by using the Au crack‐based ionic sensor. In addition, this study demonstrates a two‐terminal shear sensor capable of recognizing shear directions by combining the strain‐positive and strain‐negative electrodes.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Soft Actuators and Actuation: Design, Synthesis, and Applications

Kalulu,

Chilikwazi,

et al. 2024

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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Soft actuators are one of the most promising technological advancements with potential solutions to diverse fields’ day‐to‐day challenges. Soft actuators derived from hydrogel materials possess unique features such as flexibility, responsiveness to stimuli, and intricate deformations, making them ideal for soft robotics, artificial muscles, and biomedical applications. This review provides an overview of material composition and design techniques for hydrogel actuators, exploring 3D printing, photopolymerization, cross‐linking, and microfabrication methods for improved actuation. It examines applications of hydrogel actuators in biomedical, soft robotics, bioinspired systems, microfluidics, lab‐on‐a‐chip devices, and environmental, and energy systems. Finally, it discusses challenges, opportunities, advancements, and regulatory aspects related to hydrogel actuators.

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Poisson–Nernst–Planck framework for modelling ionic strain and temperature sensors

Abstract: Ionically conductive hydrogels are gaining traction as sensing and structural materials for use bioelectronic devices.. Hydrogels that feature large mechanical compliances and tractable ionic conductivities are compelling materials that can...

Cited by 5 publications

References 75 publications

Asymmetric “Janus” Biogel for Human‐Machine Interfaces

Asymmetric “Janus” Biogel for Human‐Machine Interfaces

Purposive Design of Stretchable Composite Electrodes for Strain‐Negative, Strain‐Neutral, and Strain‐Positive Ionic Sensors

Soft Actuators and Actuation: Design, Synthesis, and Applications

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