Pojęcie sztuki i działa sztuki w teorii sztuki i konserwacji

Abstract

At all times, art has quickly responded to the evident and concealed socio-political processes in the society. Starting from the first decades of the twentieth century, the semantic meaning of the terms "art" and "work of art" gradually has changed; art does not always refer to the category of beauty, and therefore the criteria for the selection of artefacts to works of art also has changed. The transformation of the phenomenon into art occurs gradually: first it arises spontaneously, then specific genres and professionals appear, then it becomes a social phenomenon and holds a particular niche in the cultural life of society. So, art should be a means of educating society, which develops according to the laws of aesthetics and composition, and in this case, the elemental phenomenon becomes an artistic phenomenon. The restoration industry is quite conservative; it adheres to the criteria for defining a work of art and the basics of preserving and reproducing a work of art that developed during the 20th and 21st centuries, in which restoration includes painting, murals, sculpture, carving, iconostasis, furniture, fabrics.

Theoretical and Legal Rules for the Reconstruction of Architectural Monuments in Ukraine That Suffered During the Russian Military Aggression

“…As an example of restitution in the already independent Ukraine, it is necessary to mention measures for the restoration of partially or wholly destroyed unique historic structures in accordance with the Decree of the President of Ukraine 'On measures for the reproduction of outstanding monuments of history and culture' and the Order of 27 January 1996 on activities for the restoration of the complex of St Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery) and the Assumption Cathedral of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra in Kyiv (Orlenko, 2018). St Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery, the Assumption Cathedral of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, the Church of the Virgin of Pyrogoshcha, the monument to Princess Olga, St Cyril and Methodius in Kyiv and St. Volodymyr's Cathedral in Chersonesos (ill. 2) were reconstructed according to this decree.…”

“…UNESCO Convention defined the concept of 'cultural heritage' as: architectural monuments, monumental sculpture and painting, elements and structures of archaeological nature, etc., as well as ensembles, attractions (UNESCO, 1972a). In 1988, it was ratified by a decree of the Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR (Orlenko, 2018).…”

“…5. The artistic component in restoration activities (Gryglewski et al, 2020;Ivashko et al, 2021;Orlenko and Ivashko, 2019). One much-discussed example of reconstruction is the Old Town in Warsaw, where the main church, St John's Archcathedral, was completely destroyed and only fragments of the foundations remained.…”

“…The Ukrainian experience was also analysed when the Project of the State Long-Term Programme of Reconstruction of Historical and Cultural Monuments of Ukraine was developed on behalf of the President of Ukraine and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, and the 'List of Historical and Cultural Monuments in Need of Urgent Reconstruction' was approved in 1998 ('Perelik vyznachnykh pamʹyatok istoriyi ta kulʹtury, shcho potrebuyutʹ pershocherhovoho vidtvorennya ', 1999;Orlenko, 2018).…”

“…Jako przykład restytucji już w warunkach niepodległej Ukrainy należy wymienić działania na rzecz odbudowy częściowo lub całkowicie zniszczonych unikatowych obiektów historycznych zgodnie z dekretem Prezydenta Ukrainy O działaniach na rzecz odtwarzania wybitnych zabytków historii i kultury oraz z Zarządzeniem z 27 stycznia 1996 roku o działaniach na rzecz odbudowy monasteru św. Michała Archanioła o Złotych Kopułach i ławry Peczerskiej w Kijowie (Orlenko, 2018). Zgodnie z tym dekretem zostały zrekonstruowane nie tylko te dwie świątynie, ale też cerkiew Zaśnięcia Matki Bożej Pyrohoszczy i pomniki księżnej Olgi, św.…”