Polar research: Six priorities for Antarctic science

Kennicutt, Mahlon C.; Chown, Steven L.; Cassano, John J.; Liggett, Daniela; Massom, Robert A.; Peck, Lloyd S.; Rintoul, Stephen R.; Storey, J. W. V.; Vaughan, David G.; Wilson, T. J.; Sutherland, William J.

doi:10.1038/512023a

Cited by 206 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…How much ice is stored in these ice sheets depends on its mechanical properties, as the weight of the ice masses causes a steady flow of ice towards the surrounding oceans. The mechanical properties of ice, therefore, directly impact on human society through its role in controlling sea level (Kennicutt and others, 2014). At natural strain-rates of <10 −6 s −1 (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic recrystallisation of ice aggregates during co-axial viscoplastic deformation: a numerical approach

et al. 2016

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ABSTRACT. Results of numerical simulations of co-axial deformation of pure ice up to high-strain, combining full-field modelling with recrystallisation are presented. Grain size and lattice preferred orientation analysis and comparisons between simulations at different strain-rates show how recrystallisation has a major effect on the microstructure, developing larger and equi-dimensional grains, but a relatively minor effect on the development of a preferred orientation of c-axes. Although c-axis distributions do not vary much, recrystallisation appears to have a distinct effect on the relative activities of slip systems, activating the pyramidal slip system and affecting the distribution of a-axes. The simulations reveal that the survival probability of individual grains is strongly related to the initial grain size, but only weakly dependent on hard or soft orientations with respect to the flow field. Dynamic recrystallisation reduces initial hardening, which is followed by a steady state characteristic of pure-shear deformation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic recrystallisation of ice aggregates during co-axial viscoplastic deformation: a numerical approach

et al. 2016

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“…The region was the subject of much attention during IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), owing to its important role in the global climate system and the significant changes already observed (Le Quere et al, 2007;Böning et al, 2008;Hauck et al, 2013;Kennicutt and Chown, 2014;Larsen et al, 2014;Landschützer et al, 2015). One of the most notable changes in this region has been the increase in westerly wind speeds associated with stratospheric ozone depletion (Turner et al, 2009;Thompson et al, 2011;Meijers, 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

A Synergistic Approach for Evaluating Climate Model Output for Ecological Applications

et al. 2017

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Increasing concern about the impacts of climate change on ecosystems is prompting ecologists and ecosystem managers to seek reliable projections of physical drivers of change. The use of global climate models in ecology is growing, although drawing ecologically meaningful conclusions can be problematic. The expertise required to access and interpret output from climate and earth system models is hampering progress in utilizing them most effectively to determine the wider implications of climate change. To address this issue, we present a joint approach between climate scientists and ecologists that explores key challenges and opportunities for progress. As an exemplar, our focus is the Southern Ocean, notable for significant change with global implications, and on sea ice, given its crucial role in this dynamic ecosystem. We combined perspectives to evaluate the representation of sea ice in global climate models. With an emphasis on ecologically-relevant criteria (sea ice extent and seasonality) we selected a subset of eight models that reliably reproduce extant sea ice distributions. While the model subset shows a similar mean change to the full ensemble in sea ice extent (approximately 50% decline in winter and 30% decline in summer), there is a marked reduction in the range. This improved the precision of projected future sea ice distributions by approximately one third, and means they are more amenable to ecological interpretation. We conclude that careful multidisciplinary evaluation of climate models, in conjunction with ongoing modeling advances, should form an integral part of utilizing model output.

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“…The ABA states that it is "essential to consider the vast spatial scales over which many organisms operate as well as the existing barriers to mobility that influence the current distribution…" (Meltofte et al 2013). This is mirrored by an Antarctic Horizon Scan priority regarding the extent of gene flow in Antarctica, including sources and mechanisms of dispersal of propagules, and range shifts of indigenous species (Kennicutt et al 2014).…”

Section: A) B)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…identified six scientific priorities, including "Learn how Antarctic life evolved and survived" (Kennicutt et al 2014). This work is urgent, given the "greening of the Arctic" -the observed increase in trees and shrubs in tundra environments due to global climate warming -which may result in decreased abundance of bryophytes and changes in species composition and distributions (Callaghan et al 2004).…”

Section: A) B)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Future directions and priorities for Arctic bryophyte research

et al. 2017

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The development of evidence-based international strategies for the conservation and management of Arctic ecosystems in the face of climate change is hindered by critical knowledge gaps in Arctic floristic diversity and evolution. Particularly poorly studied are the bryophytes, which dominate the vegetation across vast areas of the Arctic and consequently play an important role in global biogeochemical cycles. Currently, much of what is known about Arctic floristic evolution is based on studies of vascular plants. Bryophytes, however, possess a number of features, such as poikilohydry, totipotency, several reproductive strategies, and the ability to disperse through microscopic diaspores, that may cause their responses to Arctic environments to differ from those of the vascular plants. Here we discuss several priority areas identified in the Arctic Council's "Arctic Biodiversity Assessment" that are necessary to illuminate patterns of Arctic bryophyte evolution and diversity, including dispersal, glacial refugia, local adaptation, and ecological interactions with bryophyte-associated microbiomes. A survey of digitally available herbarium data archived in the largest online aggregate, GBIF, across the Arctic to boreal zones indicates that sampling coverage of mosses is heterogeneous and relatively sparse in the Arctic sensu stricto. A coordinated international effort across the Arctic will be necessary to address knowledge gaps in Arctic bryophyte diversity and evolution in the context of ongoing climate change.Key words: biodiversity, dispersal, local adaptation, microbiome, phylogeography.

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Polar research: Six priorities for Antarctic science

Cited by 206 publications

References 8 publications

Dynamic recrystallisation of ice aggregates during co-axial viscoplastic deformation: a numerical approach

Dynamic recrystallisation of ice aggregates during co-axial viscoplastic deformation: a numerical approach

A Synergistic Approach for Evaluating Climate Model Output for Ecological Applications

Future directions and priorities for Arctic bryophyte research

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