Polarization Effects on Photonic Microwave Generation in VCSELs Under Optical Injection

Microwave Photonic Signal Generation in an Optically Injected Discrete Mode Semiconductor Laser

“…Li et al numerically investigated the effect of birefringence-induced oscillation on the photonic microwave in spin VCSELs [33]. We experimentally and theoretically studied broad tunable photonic microwaves in optically injected VCSELs and discussed the suppression of second harmonic distortion [34][35][36]. Furthermore, to improve the quality of P1-dynamic-based photonic microwave, extensive research efforts have also been made, which mainly include extra RF source enabled subharmonic locking and stabilization [37] and optical self-locking methods, such as optoelectronic feedback [38] and single and double external cavity optical feedback [27].…”

“…Compared with microwave synthesis using electronics, which has been extensively explored and developed over the past decades, high-frequency microwave photonic (MWP) signal generation in the optical domain is more convenient and cost-effective. Various approaches of MWP signal generation can generally be classified into optical heterodyning [13,14], direct and external modulation [15][16][17], self-pulsating and mode-locking [18,19], optoelectronic oscillators (OEOs) [20][21][22][23][24], and laser dynamics of period-one (P1) [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. The optical heterodyne technique can easily achieve terahertz photonic microwaves by beating between two optical beams with certain wavelength spacing, as such the technique has very wide tunability [13].…”

“…Recently, a competitive approach of MWP signal generation based on the P1 dynamic of semiconductor lasers has been proposed and explored [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. The P1 dynamic of semiconductor lasers can be achieved by optical injection under certain injection parameters, which causes the optical output intensity of semiconductor lasers to undergo self-sustained oscillation at a microwave frequency [25].…”

One KHz Order Narrow Linewidth Fiber Laser Using Rayleigh Backscattering Mechanism in an Additional Piece Optical Fiber

“…With low phase noise and long coherent length, narrow linewidth laser [1][2][3][4] has been widely used in high precision detection fields, such as high precision spectrum, Lidar [5,6], remote sensing, etc. It provides an excellent laser source for optical communication [7,8], distributed sensing [9], and microwave generation [10]. The characteristics of the laser line width play a decisive role in the detection distance, precision [11], sensitivity, and noise characteristics of the systems.…”