Polarization-insensitive micro-metalens for high-resolution and miniaturized all-fiber two-photon microendoscopic fluorescence imaging

Aberration on excitation focal spot caused by oblique interface with refractive indices discontinuous and its correction with pure‐phase compensation for laser scanning microscopy

“…Laser scanning microscopes, such as confocal and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscope, are fundamental instruments that widely used in life science, 1,2 clinical medicine [3][4][5] and biomedical researches. 6 Generally, the microscopes are equipped with a high numerical aperture (NA) objective lens to acquire high spatial resolution.…”

“…Laser scanning microscopes, such as confocal and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscope, are fundamental instruments that widely used in life science, 1,2 clinical medicine 3–5 and biomedical researches 6 …”

Miniature Two-Photon Microscopic Imaging Using Dielectric Metalens

“…Polycrystalline silicon was selected as the material for rectangular nanoposts, and two-photon imaging of fluorescent polyethylene microspheres was achieved for the first time using this double-wavelength metalens . The selection of a near-infrared excitation wavelength at or near 920 nm for two-photon fluorescence imaging in neuroscience research allows for efficient excitation of static and dynamic biosensors (e.g., GFP and GCaMPs), enabling researchers to visualize and record neural activities with high specificity. , In 2019, Yang et al designed a 915 nm polarization-insensitive metalens (100 μm diameter and ∼25 μm focal length) for all-fiber two-photon endomicroscopic imaging, comprised of cylindrical silicon nanoposts . Subsequently, in 2020, Sun et al designed polarization-insensitive metalens (100 μm diameter, ∼25 μm focal length) for two-photon endomicroscopy, operating at 915 nm excitation and 510 nm emission wavelengths .…”

“…39,40 In 2019, Yang et al designed a 915 nm polarization-insensitive metalens (100 μm diameter and ∼25 μm focal length) for allfiber two-photon endomicroscopic imaging, comprised of cylindrical silicon nanoposts. 37 Subsequently, in 2020, Sun et al designed polarization-insensitive metalens (100 μm diameter, ∼25 μm focal length) for two-photon endomicroscopy, operating at 915 nm excitation and 510 nm emission wavelengths. 38 manipulation at 915 and 510 nm, respectively, using an areadivision method.…”

“…Emerging dielectric metalenses are planar optical elements that depend on phase modulation generated by nanoatoms to achieve full-phase modulation on the wavelength scale. − Metalenses offer technical advantages, including ultrathinness, multifunctionality, and the ability to correct aberrations, − which have applications in diverse fields, including light-field imaging , and virtual and augmented reality. , Exploring the promising applications of metalens in biomedical imaging has also attracted considerable attention recently . Various research groups have explored the combination of dielectric metalens with different imaging modalities, including wide-field imaging, , tomographic imaging, , confocal imaging, coherent Raman scattering imaging, light-sheet imaging, and two-photon imaging. − In 2016, Arbabi et al developed a polarization-dependent meta-objective lens (1.6 mm diameter and ∼1.386 mm focal length) for benchtop TPMs operating at excitation wavelengths of 805 and 605 nm emission wavelengths. Polycrystalline silicon was selected as the material for rectangular nanoposts, and two-photon imaging of fluorescent polyethylene microspheres was achieved for the first time using this double-wavelength metalens .…”