Polarography with non‐mercury electrodes: A review

Abstract

This article reviews non‐mercury configurations that have hitherto been reported in the literature as the working electrodes applicable in polarographic measurements. The individual types, namely gallium, liquid amalgams, dropping electrolyte, and carbon fluid electrodes, together with a carbon paste‐based assembly or even solid disc electrodes with a periodically renewable surface, are presented, discussed, and critically assessed with respect to their potential employment in the present day's electrochemistry and electroanalysis.

High‐Content Hydroxyapatite Carbon Composites for the Electrochemical Detection of Heavy Metal Cations in Water

“…Among metallic-like electrodes, solid bismuth and antimony, and liquid galistan (an eutectic mixture of GaÀ In-Sn) represent promising alternatives for the detection of heavy metal cations. [8][9][10] In parallel, the research opened the way to non metallic, carbonaceous materials encompassing a large amount of studies on the so-called carbon paste electrodes due to their easy fabrication and their easy tailoring with proper modifiers. [11,12] To improve the sensor figures of merit, many examples of carbon paste electrodes modified with adsorbing materials appeared in the dedicated literature.…”

“…However, due to the toxic nature of mercury, researchers have aimed at finding safer electrode materials while retaining Hg‐like performance. Among metallic‐like electrodes, solid bismuth and antimony, and liquid galistan (an eutectic mixture of Ga−In‐Sn) represent promising alternatives for the detection of heavy metal cations [8–10] . In parallel, the research opened the way to non metallic, carbonaceous materials encompassing a large amount of studies on the so‐called carbon paste electrodes due to their easy fabrication and their easy tailoring with proper modifiers [11,12] .…”