Polaromicrotribometry: A Friction Method for the Study of Polarized Metal Solution Interfaces: Application to the Gold Electrode

Dubois, Jacques-Émile; Lacaze, P.C.; Courtel, R.; Herrmann, Cal C.; Maugis, D.

doi:10.1149/1.2134041

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…They showed how the friction versus potential curve could be explained in terms of double layer repulsion [53,54]. In 1975, Dubois and Lacaze proposed measurement of the change in friction with electrode potential as a method for studying metal solution interfaces in electrochemistry, a technique they termed polaromicrotribology [55].…”

Section: Research On Aqueous Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triboelectrochemistry: Influence of Applied Electrical Potentials on Friction and Wear of Lubricated Contacts

Spikes

2020

Tribol Lett

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Research on the effects of applied electrical potential on friction and wear, a topic sometimes termed “Triboelectrochemistry”, has been reviewed. Historically, most such research has focussed on aqueous lubricants, whose relatively high electrical conductivities enable use of three-electrode electrochemical kinetic techniques, in which the electrode potential at a single electrode | fluid interface is controlled relative to a suitable reference electrode. This has led to identification of several different mechanisms by which applied electrode potentials can influence friction and wear. Of these, the most practically important are: (i) promotion of adsorption/desorption of polar additives on tribological surfaces by controlling the latters’ surface charges; (ii) stimulation or suppression of redox reactions involving either oxygen or lubricant additives at tribological surfaces. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the effects of applied electrical potentials on rubbing contacts lubricated by non-aqueous lubricants, such as ester- and hydrocarbon-based oils. Two different approaches have been used to study this. In one, a DC potential difference in the mV to V range is applied directly across a thin film, lubricated contact to form a pair of electrode | fluid interfaces. This has been found to promote some additive reactions and to influence friction and wear. However, little systematic exploration has been reported of the underlying processes and generally the electrode potentials at the interfaces have not been well defined. The second approach is to increase the conductivity of non-aqueous lubricants by adding secondary electrolytes and/or using micro/nanoscale electrodes, to enable the use of three-electrode electrochemical methods at single metal | fluid interfaces, with reference and counter electrodes. A recent development has been the introduction of ionic liquids as both base fluids and lubricant additives. These have relatively high electrical conductivities, allowing control of applied electrode potentials of individual metal | fluid interfaces, again with reference and counter electrodes. The broadening use of “green”, aqueous-based lubricants also enlarges the possible future scope of applied electrode potentials in tribology. From research to date, there would appear to be considerable opportunities for using applied electrical potentials both to promote desirable and to supress unwanted lubricant interactions with rubbing surfaces, thereby improving the tribological performance of lubricated machine components. Graphical Abstract

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Section: Research On Aqueous Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triboelectrochemistry: Influence of Applied Electrical Potentials on Friction and Wear of Lubricated Contacts

Spikes

2020

Tribol Lett

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“…The friction coefficient has also been examined at electrode surfaces. Early applications of polaromicrotribometry, which involved the simultaneous measurement of surface friction and electrochemistry, indicated that friction and wear at metal and metal oxide interfaces varied with electrode potential. , The potential dependence of the friction coefficient between a platinum slider and wire showed a parabolic dependence that exhibited a maximum at the potential of zero charge . A recent AFM study of the friction force at graphitic steps showed a variation with electrode potential that suggested an electrostatic component dominated this process …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanometer-Scale Probing of Potential-Dependent Electrostatic Forces, Adhesion, and Interfacial Friction at the Electrode/Electrolyte Interface

Campbell

Hillier

1999

Langmuir

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The atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to examine the influence of an applied electrochemical potential on the interfacial properties of the electrode/electrolyte interface. Measurements of electrostatic force, adhesion, and friction coefficient were performed at two different electrode surfaces: glassy carbon and a thin film of sulfonate-derivatized poly(aniline) (SPANi). At the carbon electrode, changes in electrostatic force between probe and substrate exhibited a potential-dependent transition from repulsive to attractive values at potentials negative and positive of the potential of zero charge (E pzc). Simultaneous measurements of tip−substrate adhesion and friction coefficient showed a change from low to high values over the same potential range, suggesting a common mechanism dominated by the electrostatic force. Measurement of these same properties at a SPANi-coated electrode also displayed a potential-dependent response. The electrostatic force and the adhesion tracked with the oxidation state of the initially neutral film. However, the friction coefficient appeared insensitive to the charge state of the polymer. A calculation of the forces between probe and substrate using DLVO theory accurately reflected the measured force curves as well as the change in adhesive force as a function of surface charge. Consideration of the forces that determine the friction coefficient suggested that the influence of electrostatic interactions was strongly dependent upon the geometry of the tip−sample contact and the presence of microgaps between the tip and the substrate over which electrostatic forces could operate. The absence of potential-dependent friction at the SPANi/electrolyte interface reflected a compliant substrate, which gave rise to a predominantly adhesive tip/sample contact.

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“…Aside from infrared and XPS spectroscopies, we have developed a new means of analyzing the metal-solution interface, called polaromicrotribometry or PMT (8,9). This technique, based on the measurement and recording of a friction coefficient between the electrode surface and a microslider, has proved to be particularly well adapted to the study of the formation of oxide layers (10), organic films (11,12) and, more recently, to adsorbed layers (13,14).…”

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confidence: 99%

Polaromicrotribometric (PMT) and Spectroscopic (Infrared‐XPS) Study of the Formation and Modifications of Films Formed on a Polarized Platinum Electrode in THF ‐ LiClO4 Medium: I . Cathodic Polarization

Dubois

Tourillon

Lacaze

1978

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The mechanism of formation and the changes of different deposits obtained on a Pt cathode in THF-LiC104 medium are studied by means of polaromicrotribometry (PMT). Their chemical nature is determined by infrared and x-ray induced photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For a polarization between --1.6 and --2.5V, a thin porous homogeneous film of lithium hydroxide occurs, which is characterized by a low friction coefficient 5 = 0.7 fo, where fo is the value in the absence of polarization. Small amounts of carbon dioxide in solution react on lithium hydroxide and convert it into lithium carbonate. This chemical change provokes a strong increase in the friction coefficient ($ rises from 0.7 to 2 fo) and is marked by the appearance of a very regular stick-slip phenomenon. Under galvanostatic control and at a weak electrolysis current, the formation of lithium hydroxide and then lithium metal is successively observed. The frictian curves clearly show that Li+ ions migrate through the porous lithium hydroxide layer and are reduced on the metal surface. When electrolysis is continued over a longer period of time the lithium hydroxide layer is coated with lithium metal. At a higher current density and at a lower water concentration, a layer of metallic lithium can be obtained in the electrode surface without the prior formation of lithium hydroxide.

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Polaromicrotribometry: A Friction Method for the Study of Polarized Metal Solution Interfaces: Application to the Gold Electrode

Cited by 19 publications

References 13 publications

Triboelectrochemistry: Influence of Applied Electrical Potentials on Friction and Wear of Lubricated Contacts

Triboelectrochemistry: Influence of Applied Electrical Potentials on Friction and Wear of Lubricated Contacts

Nanometer-Scale Probing of Potential-Dependent Electrostatic Forces, Adhesion, and Interfacial Friction at the Electrode/Electrolyte Interface

Polaromicrotribometric (PMT) and Spectroscopic (Infrared‐XPS) Study of the Formation and Modifications of Films Formed on a Polarized Platinum Electrode in THF ‐ LiClO4 Medium: I . Cathodic Polarization

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