2016
DOI: 10.1007/s11524-016-0069-2
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Police-Recorded Crime and Perceived Stress among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: the Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE)

Abstract: While stress has been linked to poor health outcomes, little is known about the impact of objective measures of neighborhood crime on stress in patients with chronic disease. Using the Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE), we examined associations between police-recorded crime (2005)(2006)(2007) and stress in four large Northern California cities (Oakland, Sacramento, San Francisco, and San Jose). We performed stratified analysis by gender and race/ethnicity using generalized lin… Show more

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Cited by 7 publications
(7 citation statements)
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“…(5) Dividing the crime count from [ 1 ] by the area in [ 3 ] results in a measure of crimes per km 2 . (6) Dividing the crimes per km 2 derived in [ 5 ] by the population estimated in [ 4 ] results in a measure of crimes per 1000 people per km 2 . …”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 2 more Smart Citations
“…(5) Dividing the crime count from [ 1 ] by the area in [ 3 ] results in a measure of crimes per km 2 . (6) Dividing the crimes per km 2 derived in [ 5 ] by the population estimated in [ 4 ] results in a measure of crimes per 1000 people per km 2 . …”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The current sociopolitical context in the United States raises important questions about the health effects of exposure to crime, police, and policing in the neighborhood environment. Exposure to police-reported crime is a well-documented psychosocial stressor and is associated with poor birth outcomes [ 1 4 ], higher perceived stress [ 5 ], and poor cardiometabolic [ 6 , 7 ] and mental health [ 8 , 9 ]. Such neighborhood-level psychosocial stressors are unequally distributed across the United States, with lower-income and minority populations bearing the intersecting burdens of poverty and structural racism [ 10 ] in a manner that increases exposure to crime, police, and physical violence [ 11 , 12 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…These were measured using one item to assess usual levels of each with response options of 1 (very high) to 4 (never) for stress and 1 (very poor) to 5 (very good) for health status. Responses were dichotomized into very high/high to represent high stress and very poor/poor/fair to represent poor health versus some/never for low stress and good/very good for good health (Elliott et al, 2015;Kim et al, 2013;Tamayo et al, 2016). Single-item measures of stress and health status were found to be highly correlated with multiple-item measures (Giltay, Vollaard, & Kromhout, 2011).…”
Section: Perceived Stress and Health Statusmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is well known that fundamental causes of place-based health disparities are rooted in structural racism and other structural determinants of health. [1][2][3] Numerous factors related to where people live-access to healthy food, [4][5][6][7] access to spaces for recreation and walkability, [5,8,9] built environment, [10,11] neighborhood safety, [12] and neighborhood socioeconomic status [13,14]-impact diabetes-related health outcomes. Furthermore, these fundamental place-based factors also directly in uence multiple other domains of health, from social and interpersonal interactions to individual health behaviors.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%