Policies and patenting to stimulate the biotechnology sector: Evidence from The Netherlands

Abstract

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The Interaction of Biotechnology and Institution: A Stakeholder Perspective

“…Existing research on the relationship between technology and institutions increasingly focuses on the effects of institutions on technology [15,16,18,22]. The effects are mainly reflected in the following aspects.…”

“…The effects are mainly reflected in the following aspects. First, institutions stimulate and promote the research and development (R&D) of technology, and most countries in the world have put forward policies to support R&D activity [15,23]. Bronzini and Piselli [16] studied the impact of an R&D subsidy program on firm innovation, and found that the program had a significant impact on the number of patent applications.…”

“…In addition to practice, the development of biotechnology has received broad interest among researchers [6,9,14,15]. Prior studies have noted the importance of biotechnologyrelated institutions in various aspects [9,[16][17][18][19], particularly in promoting the development of biotechnology [20].…”

Expanding Policy for Biodegradable Plastic Products and Market Dynamics of Bio-Based Plastics: Challenges and Opportunities

“…The bioenergy and biofuels industry received the highest degree of R&D funding and good support for experimental and demonstration plants at the industrial production phase (e.g., via quotas, green electricity regulations, and tax incentives). This approach contributes to industry distortions about the supply and cost of feedstock, which in turn disadvantages biomaterials and bioplastics [5,79]. When these benefits and aids make oil markets more appealing, bio-refineries are overwhelmingly energy-oriented.…”

“…In certain regions and countries, it is possible to support the production, optimize land use, and emphasize a sustainable green raw material culture to the bio-based economy of alternative crop systems (e.g., perennial crop formation and short rotation coppices under-utilized soils). A recent study in the US [81] shows that land management practices allow the on-going growth of herbaceous perennial species on marginal soils, non-sturdy yet harvesting fertilization, do not include the release into our environment of high levels of carbon dioxide [79].…”