Policies for a heterogeneous informal sector in Latin America

Conceptualizing Household Consumption Informality in the South Texas Borderlands

“…Both propositions hold up under this logistic regression analysis where residence, gender, income, paper documentation (i.e., receipts), and beliefs matter. As in informal production (Tokman 1989), informal consumption varies, perhaps by product and context (Williams and Windebank 2005). We fijind support for gendered and income-based consumption patterns.8 In the present 8 While many of the demographic variables were not signifijicant factors in determining the likelihood of informal consumption of household work substitution in the present paper, we do fijind support for demographic variable inclusion for other product groupings, which we will explore in further research on this topic.…”

Informalization, Economic Growth and the Challenge of Creating Viable Labor Standards in Developing Countries

“…However, recent research has challenged this image of informal activities. Substantial segmentation and a wide range of class distinctions are evident 1 3 within the informal economy, as is a plurality of relationships with the formal economy, a situation which has forced a rethinking of approaches that assign a unified, invariable role to informal activities (Tokman 1989, Gerry 1987, Nattrass 1987, Hart 1973. Some types of informal employment, especially self-employment, provide remuneration well above what wage workers at the low-end of the pay scale receive in formal employment.…”

Geographies of the Contemporary Informal Sector in the Global South: Gender, Employment Relationships and Social Protection

“…Given its heterogeneous character and evolutionary nature, it is very difficult to accurately define or talk about what actually constitutes the informal economy in any nation, and there exists a substantial body of literature that attempts to define and explain the presence of the informal sector (Bromley and Gerry 1979; Cross 1998; Chant 2002; Chant and Pedwell 2008; ILO 1972; Lloyd‐Evans and Potter 2002; Peattie 1987; de Soto 1989; Thomas 1992, 1995; Tokman 1989). Less confusion arises over the formal sector which is generally understood to be an employer of waged labour under rules and regulations implemented by the state, with social security, minimum wages and health and safety (Daniels 2004).…”