Polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA’s) producidos por bacterias y su posible aplicación a nivel industrial

Abstract

ResumenLos Polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA) son plásticos biocompatibles y biodegradables sintetizados por una amplia variedad de microorganismos, que comparten características muy similares con los plásticos de origen petroquímico. Los estudios más recientes se centran en la búsqueda de sustratos económicos y en estrategias de extracción que permitan la reducción de los costos del producto y de esta forma, puedan incursionar en un mercado ampliamente difundido donde dominan los plásticos derivados del petróleo. El objetivo de esta revisión, consiste en mostrar la producción de polihidroxialcanoatos como un recurso y herramienta de primera mano que tienen un gran potencial de uso en aplicaciones que van desde la manufactura de productos desechables de uso común, hasta la de productos biomédicos y farmacéuticos de alto valor agregado.Palabras clave: bioplásticos; biopolímeros; polihidroxialcanoatos; microorganismos; biosíntesis. AbstractPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA´s) are biodegradable and biocompatible plastics synthesized by a wide variety of microorganisms, which share similar characteristics with petrochemical plastics. The most recent studies focus on the pursuit of economic substrates and extraction strategies that allow reducing product costs and thus, can make inroads in a market widely disseminated where petrochemical plastics dominate. The aim of this review is to show the polyhydroxyalkanoates production as a resource and tool first hand and have great potential for use in applications ranging from the manufacture of disposable products commonly used to biomedical and pharmaceutical products high added value.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates from pear (Pyrus communis L) waste by Bacillus subtilis

“…Plastics are called, conventionally, those polymeric products of the petrochemical industry, which are widely used at an industrial level, becoming the basis of most common consumer products due to their elasticity and flexibility properties, easy molding, and resistance (Lemos and Mina, 2015). Nevertheless, these compounds can last before, during and after their use in nature for long periods, due to their chemical properties, making them recalcitrant materials and resistant to biodegradation, accumulating and negatively affecting the environment (González- García et al, 2013).…”

“…Nevertheless, these compounds can last before, during and after their use in nature for long periods, due to their chemical properties, making them recalcitrant materials and resistant to biodegradation, accumulating and negatively affecting the environment (González- García et al, 2013). For several years, bioplastics have emerged as potentially substitute materials for petroleum-derived plastics, which can be produced from renewable, biodegradable, and environmentally compatible sources, being the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) among the bioplastics studied (Lemos and Mina, 2015).…”

“…PHAs are polymers of hydroxyalkanoic acids that different microorganisms, such as Gram positive and negative bacteria; they synthesize and accumulate intracellularly as reserve material under adverse culture conditions, to later use it as a carbon and energy source (González- García et al, 2013). They have physical characteristics like those of petroleum-derived plastics, but they can be degraded to carbon dioxide and water under aerobic conditions or to methane in anaerobic conditions in the environment (Lemos and Mina, 2015). For several years, studies on these bio-compounds have focused on the search for substrates, as well as economic production and extraction strategies that allow them to be considered substitutes for chemical plastics, widely spread in the market, and of a polluting nature (Lemos and Mina, 2015).…”

“…They have physical characteristics like those of petroleum-derived plastics, but they can be degraded to carbon dioxide and water under aerobic conditions or to methane in anaerobic conditions in the environment (Lemos and Mina, 2015). For several years, studies on these bio-compounds have focused on the search for substrates, as well as economic production and extraction strategies that allow them to be considered substitutes for chemical plastics, widely spread in the market, and of a polluting nature (Lemos and Mina, 2015). During the processes of production, industrialization and consumption of food, waste and losses are generated, which constitute a worldwide problem, and where the fruit sector (apple, pear, orange, pineapple, etc.)…”

Rendimiento de polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA) en microorganismos halófilos aislados de salinas

“…El uso de los PHA es limitado, porque los plásticos derivados del petróleo son muy baratos, lo que hace que los procesos de producción de plásticos biodegradables no sean competitivos, cuando se analizan solo desde el punto de vista económico. En la producción de PHA se requieren grandes inversiones para los procesos de fermentación y recuperación o purificación del producto a gran escala y los sustratos para que las bacterias produzcan PHA no son suficientemente baratos (Drosg et al 2015, Lemos & Mina 2015. De esta manera, el costo de producción de 1 Kg de plástico bacteriano es de 2.13 a 6.25 dólares Kg -1 , comparado con 1.45 dólares Kg -1 de los plásticos derivados del petróleo (Gomez 2013).…”