Poliovirus vaccines in mineral oil adjuvant

Immunologic response of lambs to emulsified foot-and-mouth disease vaccine

“…These findings are in general agreement with those reported by STONE et al (13) who vaccinated human infants with emulsified poliovirus antigens. These findings are in general agreement with those reported by STONE et al (13) who vaccinated human infants with emulsified poliovirus antigens.…”

New Metabolizable Immunologic Adjuvant for Human Use. I. Development and Animal Immune Response

“…Although highly satisfactory from the standpoint of achieving persistent high level of antibody following immunization (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6), routine application of Freund's adjuvant to man has not been achieved to date likely because of a large body of data relating to induction of potentiation of plasma cell tumors in BALB/c mice, of induction of autoimmune reactions, and of formation of disseminated focal granulomata in animals injected with mineral oil alone or with complete or incomplete adjuvant with or without added antigens ( 1,(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). Development of an immunologically satisfactory and pharmacologically acceptable adjuvant seems a prime essential to preparation of workable multivalent killed virus vaccines such as are required to be effective and practical against the viral respiratory disease complex.…”

Adjuvants and inactivated polio vaccine: A systematic review

“…These data led to a second study, this time in infants [31]. Ninety-six infants were randomized to receive either separate DPT plus IFA-adjuvanted IPV, separate DPT plus nonadjuvanted IPV, or a combined DPT-IPV (Tetravax).…”

“…Only aluminum, oil emulsions, and calcium have been tested as adjuvants with IPV in human studies. However, many of these human studies contained no control group [15, 26, 32], assessed safety but not immunogenicity [32], occurred prior to the development of enhanced IPV [15, 26, 31, 32], or had somewhat conflicting results [19, 20, 21]. Further, these studies focus on serologic antibody titers, though an important indicator of community IPV protectivity lies in mucosal immunity.…”