Political instability and political terror: Global evidence on persistence

Abstract

We test the hypotheses that fundamental characteristics in regional proximity, landlockedness, religious‐domination, legal origin, and income levels affect cross‐country differences in the persistence in political terror and political instability in 163 countries for the period 2010–2015. The empirical evidence is based on generalised method of moments. The hypotheses are that the following are associated with comparatively higher levels of persistence in political terror and political instability: regions with predominantly low income countries (Hypothesis 1); landlockedness (Hypothesis 2); Christian‐orientation (Hypothesis 3); French civil law (Hypothesis 4); and Low income (Hypothesis 5). The tested hypotheses are largely invalid. Only Hypotheses 5 and 2 are robustly investigated in the light of concerns about instrument proliferation. Hypothesis 2 is valid for political terror but not for political instability while Hypothesis 5 is neither valid for political instability nor for political terror.

Does Growth Enhancement Support Scheme (GESS) Contribute to Youth Development in Informal Farm Entrepreneurship? Evidence from Rural Communities in Nigeria

“…The positioning of the study in response to the testable hypothesis contributes to the growing literature on the relevance of information technology in development outcomes (Chavula, 2013;Carmody, 2013;Afutu-Kotey et al 2017;Tchamyou & Asongu, 2017;Bongomin et al 2018;Asongu et al, 2020aAsongu et al, , 2020bAsongu et al, , 2020cGosavi, 2018;Isszhaku et al 2018;Asongu & Asongu, 2018;Hubani & Wiese, 2018;Uduji et al, 2020aUduji et al, , 2020bUduji et al, , 2020cUduji et al, , 2020dMinkoua Nzie et al 2018;Asongu et al, 2019aAsongu et al, , 2019bAsongu et al, , 2019cAsongu et al, , 2019dAbor et al 2018;Tchamyou, 2019Tchamyou, , 2020Tchamyou et al, 2019aTchamyou et al, , 2019bMuthinja & Chipeta, 2018;Uduji & Okolo-Obasi, 2020;Uduji et al, 2018aUduji et al, , 2018bUgwuanyi et al, 2020;Rashiti et al, 2017;Dana, 2011;Ramsdani et al, 2019;Nikopoulos & Dana, 2017;Mason et al, 2009;Dana, 2007).…”

Drivers and Persistence of Death in Conflicts: Global Evidence

“…Third, as argued in contemporary comparative literature (Asongu & Nwachukwu, 2017b) (Schmid, 1992;Eubank & Weinberg, 1994;Drakos & Gofas, 2006;Piazza, 2017Piazza, , 2018Lai, 2007;Asongu et al, 2020aAsongu et al, , 2020b. In summary, the nexus between religion and deaths from conflicts, owing to political instability is elicited in this paragraph using both intuition and the relevant studies.…”

“…Bilingualism is also established to exert some influence on the young adults' abilities to attain efficient attentional channels, notably young individuals who are supposed to be at the apogee of their attentional capabilities. Asongu et al (2020b), that income levels explain cross-country political instability and political terror, by extension, low income levels can be expected to be linked with higher levels of deaths from conflicts. Given that the authors argue that the wealth of nations explains political stability, political terrorism and persistence in weapons, it therefore logical for this study to also argue that income levels can explain deaths from conflicts because low income countries are likely to be more associated with political instability and conflicts owing to their limited financial resources needed to prevent conflicts as well as their corresponding negative externalities which include death from conflicts and political stability.…”

“…Fourth, building on the law and economic development literature (La Porta et al, 1998, 1999Beck et al, 2013; Fifth, regarding income levels, high income nations are less associated with persistence in deaths from conflicts because they are less linked to political instability, civil wars, political strife and violence (Asongu et al, 2020a). Moreover, even in event of political instability and terror, high income countries have the financial resources with which to dampen the unfavourable political externalities that such as loss in human life (Gaibulloev & Sandler, 2009;Asongu et al, 2020b). This narrative aligns with the premise that high income countries are associated with better institutions with which to mitigate risks that inter alia, are linked to deaths from civil wars and political strife (Asongu, 2012;Anyanwu & Erhijakpor, 2014;Efobi, 2015;Pelizzo & Nwokora, 2016Asongu & Nnanna, 2019a).…”

Does growth enhancement support scheme (GESS) contribute to youth development in informal farm entrepreneurship? Evidence from rural communities in Nigeria

“…The positioning of the study in response to the testable hypothesis contributes to the growing literature on the relevance of information technology in development outcomes (Chavula, 2013;Carmody, 2013;Afutu-Kotey et al 2017;Tchamyou & Asongu, 2017;Bongomin et al 2018;Asongu et al, 2020aAsongu et al, , 2020bAsongu et al, , 2020cGosavi, 2018;Isszhaku et al 2018;Asongu & Asongu, 2018;Hubani & Wiese, 2018;Uduji et al, 2020aUduji et al, , 2020bUduji et al, , 2020cUduji et al, , 2020dMinkoua Nzie et al 2018;Asongu et al, 2019aAsongu et al, , 2019bAsongu et al, , 2019cAsongu et al, , 2019dAbor et al 2018;Tchamyou, 2019Tchamyou, , 2020Tchamyou et al, 2019aTchamyou et al, , 2019bMuthinja & Chipeta, 2018;Uduji & Okolo-Obasi, 2020;Uduji et al, 2018aUduji et al, , 2018bUgwuanyi et al, 2020;Rashiti et al, 2017;Dana, 2011;Ramsdani et al, 2019;Nikopoulos & Dana, 2017;Mason et al, 2009;Dana, 2007).…”