Political Leadership: New Perspectives and Approaches

Transformative leadership: President Ricardo Lagos and democratic civilian control of armed forces in Chile (2000–2006)

“…Siegel (2018, p. 10) focuses on four criteria to analyze leadership—policy, or vision; politics, or strategy; structure, or management; and process, or decision making. Only by “mastering [these] four key components of leadership” can a president “overcome the obstacles to leadership and succeed in the exercise of power.” Authors also distinguish between transformational leadership, which entails substantive change, and transactional change, which makes minor but necessary changes (Daléus, 2015). Ruiz‐Acosta and Camargo (2018) conclude that in probabilistic terms, the style of government in Latin America is transactional.…”