In 1641, a proto-royalist tract called Religions Enemies complained that England had become "Amsterdamnified." Its point was to warn against England becoming a society bedevilled by "several opinions," where religion was "the common discourse and table talk in every tavern and alehouse," and "where a man shall hardly find five together in one mind, and yet every one presumes he is in the right." 1 This chapter argues that this neglected comment highlights a poorly understood dimension of the "print revolution" in seventeenth-century England. European influences and European print culture lay at the heart of the transformation of print and polemic in the decades before and after the civil wars, and cheap print-pamphlets, ballads, broadsides, and newsbooks-threatened to revolutionize English public culture. This chapter examines the process by which the political authorities in England found ways of adapting and developing practices with which to address such external threats. 2The focus on "cheap print" and communicative practices, of course, has been one of the most striking advances within recent historiography on seventeenthcentury England, driven more or less consciously by the desire to confront so-called "revisionist" accounts of the origins and significance of the civil wars. It has generated a sophisticated understanding of news and pamphleteering, in terms of the nature and uses of print and its role in the political and religious upheavals of the Stuart age. Ideas about the existence of a "print revolution," and about the