Polity and health care expenditures: The association among 159 nations

Gregorio, Leah E.; Gregorio, David I.

doi:10.1016/j.jegh.2012.12.007

Cited by 24 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Studies have found associations between HDI and health system quality, health outcomes, disease prevalence, and health-seeking behavior ( 20 – 24 ). Polity has been associated with health metrics such as healthcare expenditures and infant mortality ( 25 , 26 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Capacity for Emerging Infectious Disease Detection, 1996–2014

Kluberg¹,

Mekaru²,

McIver³

et al. 2016

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Capacity for Emerging Infectious Disease Detection, 1996–2014

Kluberg¹,

Mekaru²,

McIver³

et al. 2016

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…One mediator was selected from sets of highly correlated mediators (ρ > 0.8), retaining the mediator with the lowest average correlation with other synovial mediators. For each virtual population, the best linear regression models were identified using an exhaustive search with the LEAPS package [28] in R. An initial analysis of the Bayesian information criterion (BIC, a widely used model selection metric that combines the explained variance and model complexity) for a subset of VPops suggested employing a model of 27 regressors. Alternatively, an analysis of adjusted R 2 for each model size found a model size of five analytes yielded an adjusted R 2 of 0.75.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternate virtual populations elucidate the type I interferon signature predictive of the response to rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis

Schmidt¹,

Casey²,

Paterson³

et al. 2013

BMC Bioinformatics

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BackgroundMechanistic biosimulation can be used in drug development to form testable hypotheses, develop predictions of efficacy before clinical trial results are available, and elucidate clinical response to therapy. However, there is a lack of tools to simultaneously (1) calibrate the prevalence of mechanistically distinct, large sets of virtual patients so their simulated responses statistically match phenotypic variability reported in published clinical trial outcomes, and (2) explore alternate hypotheses of those prevalence weightings to reflect underlying uncertainty in population biology. Here, we report the development of an algorithm, MAPEL (Mechanistic Axes Population Ensemble Linkage), which utilizes a mechanistically-based weighting method to match clinical trial statistics. MAPEL is the first algorithm for developing weighted virtual populations based on biosimulation results that enables the rapid development of an ensemble of alternate virtual population hypotheses, each validated by a composite goodness-of-fit criterion.ResultsVirtual patient cohort mechanistic biosimulation results were successfully calibrated with an acceptable composite goodness-of-fit to clinical populations across multiple therapeutic interventions. The resulting virtual populations were employed to investigate the mechanistic underpinnings of variations in the response to rituximab. A comparison between virtual populations with a strong or weak American College of Rheumatology (ACR) score in response to rituximab suggested that interferon β (IFNβ) was an important mechanistic contributor to the disease state, a signature that has previously been identified though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Sensitivity analysis elucidated key anti-inflammatory properties of IFNβ that modulated the pathophysiologic state, consistent with the observed prognostic correlation of baseline type I interferon measurements with clinical response. Specifically, the effects of IFNβ on proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes and interleukin-10 synthesis in macrophages each partially counteract reductions in synovial inflammation imparted by rituximab. A multianalyte biomarker panel predictive for virtual population therapeutic responses suggested population dependencies on B cell-dependent mediators as well as additional markers implicating fibroblast-like synoviocytes.ConclusionsThe results illustrate how the MAPEL algorithm can leverage knowledge of cellular and molecular function through biosimulation to propose clear mechanistic hypotheses for differences in clinical populations. Furthermore, MAPEL facilitates the development of multianalyte biomarkers prognostic of patient responses in silico.

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“…In the Table, we list 10 proposed actions that, if materialized, could help alleviate disparities. These actions include the creation of a global health governance framework (Frenk and Moon, 2013), adherence to human rights and democratic principles (Gregorio and Gregorio, 2013), community empowerment (Marmot et al, 2010) and emphasis on common risk factor and prevention approaches (Sheiham et al, 2011). Examples of successful population-based approaches in reducing oral health disparities include the introduction of community water fluoridation, likely the most successful dental public health intervention to date (Riley et al, 1999).…”

Section: Proposed Actionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ethical Imperative of Addressing Oral Health Disparities

2013

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Health disparities are preventable differences in the burden of disease or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged population groups. Reducing health disparities has been identified as an ethical imperative by the World Health Organization's Commission on Social Determinants of Health and numerous other national and international bodies. Significant progress has been made over the past years in identifying vulnerable groups, and 'distal' factors including political, economic, social, and community characteristics are now considered pivotal. It is thus unsurprising that the remarkable advances in the science and practice of dentistry have not led to notable reductions in oral health disparities. In this review, we summarize recent work and emphasize the need for a solid theoretical framing to guide oral health disparities research. We provide a theoretical framework outlining pathways that operate across the continuum of oral health determinants during the lifecourse and highlight potential areas for intervention. Because oral health disparities emanate from the unequal distribution of social, political, economic, and environmental resources, tangible progress is likely to be realized only by a global movement and concerted efforts by all stakeholders, including policymakers, the civil society, and academic, professional, and scientific bodies.

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Polity and health care expenditures: The association among 159 nations

Cited by 24 publications

References 30 publications

Global Capacity for Emerging Infectious Disease Detection, 1996–2014

Global Capacity for Emerging Infectious Disease Detection, 1996–2014

Alternate virtual populations elucidate the type I interferon signature predictive of the response to rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis

The Ethical Imperative of Addressing Oral Health Disparities

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