“…From a narrower perspective, two different traditions of interpreting the concept of risk predominate in management science, namely the American school and the German school. German-speaking economists interpret risk as a danger of events whose occurrence will have only a negative impact on a planned project (Buła, 1994). Such a view is also widespread in the Polish economic literature, where Z. Szyjewski proposes, for example, that "risk is the objectivized uncertainty of occurrence of an undesirable event" (Szyjewski, 2004).…”