Pollinator Foraging, Experimental Nectar-robbing and Plant Fitness in Impatiens capensis

Heterogeneity Among Floral Visitors Leads to Discordance Between Removal and Deposition of Pollen

“…Overall visitation rates were similar at the two populations. Some visitors also or alternatively robbed flowers by biting into the spur to get at the nectar (Zimmerman and Cook 1985), but such visits are not germane to our results. The two patches were ::=:o0.5 km apart.…”

Variable responses of hawkmoths to nectar-depleted plants in two native Petunia axillaris (Solanaceae) populations

“…From a pollinator's viewpoint, the optimal foraging strategy is to visit plants/ flowers rather indiscriminately when density is low while they should be selective when plant densities are high. This is because under low density conditions the costs for switching between plants/patches is relatively high relative to the costs of visiting flowers with low nectar, while the reverse holds for high density conditions (Zimmerman and Cook 1985). Thus, we need to understand how pollinators behave when faced with cheating plants and in how far their reaction depends on population/community structure.…”

Observaciones sobre robo primario de néctar de Vespula vulgaris L., 1758 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) en flores de Embothrium coccineum ( J. R. Forst. & G. Forst., 1775) (Proteaceae) en el sur de chile (55°S)

“…Esta discrepancia entre el robo de néctar en su hábitat nativo y donde ha sido introducida puede estar relacionada a un evento de introducción anterior al de B. terrestris. Otros véspidos ladrones de néctar documentados incluyen a Epipona guerini (Polistinae) en Costa Rica (Young, 1980), V. maculifrons (Vespinae) en los Estados Unidos (Zimmerman & Cook, 1985), y Ancistrocerus oviventris (Eumeninae) en Alemania (Haeseler, 1997).…”