Pollutant Emissions From Gas Fired Turbine Engines in Offshore Practice: Measurements and Scaling

Røkke, Nils A.; Hustad, Johan E.; Berg, Sebastian

doi:10.1115/93-gt-170

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…In terms of emissions, the nitrogen oxides prediction model for gas turbines developed by Rokke et al [46] and verified by Pires et al [44], for engines ranging in power from 1.5 MW to 34 MW, is implemented in this model. The equation used for determining the NO x emissions is given by:…”

Section: Combustormentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic performance simulation and control of gas turbines used for hybrid gas/wind energy applications

Tsoutsanis

Meskin

2019

Applied Thermal Engineering

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Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive.

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Section: Combustormentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic performance simulation and control of gas turbines used for hybrid gas/wind energy applications

Tsoutsanis

Meskin

2019

Applied Thermal Engineering

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“…As no complete theory has yet been developed to describe the hydrodynamic and aerodynamic processes involved when jet and sheet Swider wider disintegration occurs under normal atomizing conditions, a number of functions have been proposed, based on either probability or purely empirical considerations, that allow the mathematical representation of measured drop size distributions. The simplest expression for drop size distribution is that of Rosin and Rammler (1933). It may be expressed in the form 1 -Q=exp-(D/X)q…”

Section: Drop Size Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is only when expressions derived for industrial gas turbine combustors having much longer residence times are applied to aero combustors, or vice-versa, that the lack of a term for residence time becomes important. Rokke et al (1993) NO = 18.1 P 1 .42 m0.3 g0.72 pp m 24where P is the combustion pressure in atmos., m is the combustor air flow in kg/s, and q is the fuel/air ratio. This equation was found to correlate very satisfactorily measurements of NO emissions from five different natural gas-fired machines operating in the power range from 1.5 to 34 MW.…”

Section: Correlation and Modeling Of No And Co Emissions Empirical Momentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Fuel Preparation in Low Emissions Combustion

Lefebvre

1995

Volume 5: Manufacturing Materials and Metallurgy; Ceramics; Structures and Dynamics; Controls, Diagnostics and Instrumentation;

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The attainment of very low pollutant emissions, in particular oxides of nitrogen (NOx), from gas turbines is not only of considerable environmental concern but has also become an area of increasing competitiveness between the different engine manufacturers. For stationary engines, the attainment of ultra-low NOx has become the foremost marketing issue. This paper is devoted primarily to current and emerging technologies in the development of ultra-low emissions combustors for application to aircraft and stationary engines. Short descriptions of the basic design features of conventional gas turbine combustors and the methods of fuel injection now in widespread use are followed by a review of fuel spray characteristics and recent developments in the measurement and modeling of these characteristics. The main gas turbine generated pollutants and their mechanisms of formation are described, along with related environmental risks and various issues concerning emissions regulations and recently-enacted legislation for limiting the pollutant levels emitted by both aircraft and stationary engines. The impact of these emissions regulations on combustor and engine design are discussed first in relation to conventional combustors and then in the context of variable-geometry and staged combustors. Both these concepts are founded on emissions reduction by control of flame temperature. Basic approaches to the design of “dry” low NOx and ultra-low NOx combustors are reviewed. At the present time lean, premix, prevaporize, combustion appears to be the only technology available for achieving ultra-low NOx emissions from practical combustors. This concept is discussed in some detail, along with its inherent problems of autoignition, flashback, and acoustic resonance. Attention is also given to alternative methods of achieving ultra-low NOx emissions, notably the rich-bum, quick-quench, lean-burn and catalytic combustors. These concepts are now being actively developed, despite the formidable problems they present in terms of mixing and durability. The final section reviews the various correlations which are now being used to predict the exhaust gas concentrations of the main gaseous pollutant emissions from gas turbine engines. Comprehensive numerical methods have not yet completely displaced these semi-empirical correlations but are nevertheless providing useful insight into the interactions of swirling and recirculating flows with fuel sprays, as well as guidance to the combustion engineer during the design and development stages. Throughout the paper emphasis is placed on the important and sometimes pivotal role played by the fuel preparation process in the reduction of pollutant emissions from gas turbines.

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“…However, the residence time in the flame zone τ is also important to NO x formation. Another example proposed by Røkke et al [27] is displayed by Equation 5:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rokke et al[27] EINO x = 1.46P1.42 . air , f far = m fuel /m ai General Electric[48] EINO x = 2.2 + 0.1235 • P 3 0.4 • exp(T 3 /194.4 − hum • 1000/53.2) P 3 ,T 3 ,hum AERONOX [48] EINO x = 1.5 • (P 3 /100) 0.6 • exp(−600/T 4 ) • t 0.7 res P 3 , T 4 , t res Levebvre [26] EICO = 0.333×10 10 •exp(−0.00275•TPZ) F•P3 1.5 •(tres−0.55•tevap)•(∆P3/P3) 0.5 T pz , F, P 3 , t res , t evap , ∆P 3 Rizk and Mongia…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Investigation on the NO and CO Emission Characteristics of a Swirl Convergent-Divergent Nozzle at Elevated Pressure

et al. 2018

Energies

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The behavior of the pollutants NO and CO at elevated combustor pressure are of special importance due to the continuing trend toward developing engines operating at higher pressure ratios to yield higher thermal efficiency. An experiment was performed to examine the NO and CO emissions for a swirl convergent-divergent nozzle at elevated pressure. The NO and CO correlations were obtained. Meanwhile, the flame length, exhaust gas oxygen concentration, exit temperature and global flame residence time were also determined to analyze the NO and CO emission characteristics. The results showed that, with the increase in combustor pressure P, flame length decreased proportionally to P −0.49 ; exit O 2 volume fraction increased and exit temperature was reduced. The global flame residence time decreased proportionally to P −0.43. As pressure increased, the NO and Emission Index of NO (EINO) levels decreased proportionally to P −0.53 and P −0.6 respectively, which is mainly attributed to the influence of global flame residence time; the NO and EINO increased almost proportionally with the increase in global flame residence time. The EINO scaling EINO (ρu e /d) was proportional to Fr 0.42 , which indicated that compared with pure fuel, the fuel diluted with primary air can cause a decrease in the exponent of the Fr power function. At higher pressure, the CO and Emission Index of CO (EICO) decreased proportionally to P −0.35 and P −0.4 , respectively, due to the increased unburned methane and high pressure which accelerated chemical reaction kinetics to promote the conversion of CO to CO 2 .

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Pollutant Emissions From Gas Fired Turbine Engines in Offshore Practice: Measurements and Scaling

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Dynamic performance simulation and control of gas turbines used for hybrid gas/wind energy applications

Dynamic performance simulation and control of gas turbines used for hybrid gas/wind energy applications

The Role of Fuel Preparation in Low Emissions Combustion

An Experimental Investigation on the NO and CO Emission Characteristics of a Swirl Convergent-Divergent Nozzle at Elevated Pressure

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