“…For instance, Sanal Mohan writes that in Kerala, 'even as late as the early decades of the twentieth century the [high status] Syrian Christians would invoke health sciences and notions of hygiene to support the segregation of Dalit Christians in the churches ' (2016, p. 75). Indeed, in the encasted popular imagination of post-colonial Kerala, coastal fishing communities appear as recalcitrant 'caste primitives', lacking the (cultural, social and economic) wherewithal necessary to engender processes of modernization and reform, and thus to constitute themselves as modern citizens (Arnold, 2013;Binoy, 2021;Narayan, 2021;Ram, 1991;Subramanian, 2009). Importantly, the negative stereotypes coastal fishing communities are the object of are not simply discursive practices of representation but performative acts which normalize and naturalize hierarchical values, whereby politics of exclusion and discrimination become inscribed in the everyday as both inevitable and necessary (Narayan, 2021;Paik, 2022).…”