Pollution mapping in the urban segment of a tropical river: is water quality index (WQI) enough for a nutrient-polluted river?

Abstract

Most of the tropical rivers of the world are being affected by multiple sources of pollution. The intensity of pollution is much bigger in the urban stretches due to discharge of untreated or partially treated sewage. A rapid and cost-effective tool is required for identification of water quality problems and their spatial variation for determining the main pollution sources and to detect relationships between various parameters. For this study, Gomti River, a major tributary of River Ganges, India, was considered which has gained substantial attention because of increasing anthropogenic pollution loads that has badly affected its water quality and ecosystem functions. The urban segment is polluted with organic substances, nutrients and heavy metals. The study provides an overview of the quality of water in the Gomti River through water quality index (WQI) and multivariate statistical techniques to check if WQI is enough for a nutrient-polluted river in the urban stretch. The study suggests that periodic monitoring and the water quality index development are not enough as it does not incorporate all the aspect of a rivers water quality. The separate assessment of nitrogenous biochemical oxygen demand, carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, sediment oxygen demand and the nitrification inhibition aspects are required to be integrated when developing a WQI. Present study illustrates that water quality of Gomti River has gradually worsened from upstream and downstream to middle stretch. The middle stretch was found to be most polluted as the major drains are concentrated within this stretch. Principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA) helped in obtaining and recognizing the factors/ sources accountable for river water quality differences in the study area. The findings are useful for the decisions regarding water quality management and this can also be applied for speedy and low-cost assessment of water quality of the polluted urban stretch of other tropical rivers for better environmental management and planning perspective.

Spatio-seasonal variation of water quality influenced by land use and land cover in Lake Muhazi

“…Water resources and their quality are crucial to human life 1 . Water quality monitoring is important for assessing the value of water for a healthy ecosystem, hygienic environment, domestic and other uses such as recreation, agriculture, mining, and consumption 2 . Therefore, effective and consistent information on water quality is relevant and pertinent for the improvement of water management 3 .…”

Comprehensive assessment of pollution indices, sources apportionment and ecological risk mapping of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Raebareli District, Uttar Pradesh, India, employing a GIS approach

“…Through PCA, most intercorrelated variables are transformed into independent variables that are comparatively smaller, thus allowing one to understand their variance (Abdi & Williams, 2010). In addition to providing information on the significant parameters used for expressing the entire dataset, its minimalization, and the description of the relationship between soil constituents, it also minimizes data, providing the slightest impact on the primary information (Iqbal et al, 2019). The correlation matrix is used to arrange the essential dataset based on PCA.…”

Multidecadal assessment of environmental variables in the river Ganga for pollution monitoring and sustainable management

“…The water quality index is a single unitless number that describes the quality of the water as derived from the mathematical expressions utilizing some selected critical groundwater quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, pH, free carbon dioxide, total alkalinity, conductivity, TDS, hardness, chloride, and nitrate. The requirement of the WQI is well known as it is not possible to evaluate the quality of the water by using multiple parameters individually (Chapman, 1996), and thus, many of the researchers use the WQI for the comprehensive assessment of the riverine water quality (Iqbal et al, 2019). The water quality index has been widely adopted using a varied number of water quality parameters (Bhargava, 1983;Chauhan & Singh, 2010;Cude, 2001;Matta, 2014).…”