“…With the increasing risk of cancer, diabetes, viral infections, and other pathogenic diseases, point-of-care testing (POCT) systems have become essential in the health sector [ 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. As a result, research in ECBs has seen an exponential growth because they are inexpensive, provide fast and accurate responses, require almost no sample preparation, and are easy to use [ 3 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”