Poly-Gamma-Glutamic Acid Secretion Protects Bacillus subtilis from Zinc and Copper Intoxication

Deol, Reina; Louis, A Watanabe; Glazer, Harper Lee; Hosseinion, Warren; Bagley, Anna; Chandrangsu, Pete

doi:10.1128/spectrum.01329-21

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 41 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Once γ-PGA is produced by the organism externally, the entire colony appears to be having mucoid texture. In various studies also it was demonstrated that the mucoid phenotype is due to the production of the secreted polymer, γ-PGA [11,30,34]. These colonies were further selected for a second-level screening that utilizes the dye remover property of γ-PGA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial production of poly (γ-) glutamic acid and its use as an anti-thawing agent and as prebiotic

Bhatt¹,

Raut²

2022

World J. Adv. Res. Rev.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a natural, edible, non-toxic, non-immunogenic, and an anionic homo-polyamide, produced by various microorganisms. At an industrial level, for preparing probiotic foods, probiotic cultures are added in powdered forms. Here, cultures are formerly freeze-dried. Freeze-drying process is itself very detrimental to the viability of such organisms as it utilizes very low temperatures of -80 °C. A bacterial strain was isolated from fertilized soil and was statistically optimized in this study. Upon optimization using Plackett-Burman model, a significant increase in the yield from 4.51 ± 0.32g/L to 19.0 ± 0.5g/L was observed. To investigate the cryoprotectant activity during freeze-drying process, Lactococcus lactis was freeze-dried and was subjected to a series of thawing temperatures. Cultures where then treated with a polyelectrolytic combination of γ-PGA (anionic polymer) and Gelatin (cationic polymer). This combination showed a synergistic effect in protecting Lactococcus lactis during freeze-drying wherein a log reduction of only 0.23 was noted, compared to unprotected cells, 2.85. In addition to this, the prebiotic activity of γ-PGA was also assessed in vitro. It was found that there was a significant increase in the growth of Lactococcus lactis (32.14%) considering the effect of γ-PGA alone. Thus, the combinatorial effect of this biopolymer i.e., as a cryoprotectant and as a prebiotic can definitely bring out a beneficial probiotic product into the market with improved health effects.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial production of poly (γ-) glutamic acid and its use as an anti-thawing agent and as prebiotic

Bhatt¹,

Raut²

2022

World J. Adv. Res. Rev.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…𝛾-PGA is a biodegradable polyamino acid with high water solubility and no toxicity. [74,75] PCL is a semi-crystalline polymer with a unique structure that offers high flexibility, malleability, and a specific memory capacity that makes it reusable. 𝛾-PGA and PCL have excellent biodegradability and good biocompatibility and are widely used in drug carriers and tissue engineering.…”

Section: 𝛾-Pga and Pclmentioning

confidence: 99%

Four Ounces Can Move a Thousand Pounds: The Enormous Value of Nanomaterials in Tumor Immunotherapy

Chen

Yue

Yang

et al. 2023

Adv Healthcare Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The application of nanomaterials in healthcare has emerged as a promising strategy due to their unique structural diversity, surface properties, and compositional diversity. In particular, they have found a significant role in improving drug delivery and inhibiting the growth and metastasis of tumor cells. Moreover, recent studies have highlighted their potential in modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and enhancing the activity of immune cells to improve tumor therapy efficacy. Various types of nanomaterials are currently utilized as drug carriers, immunosuppressants, immune activators, immunoassay reagents, and more for tumor immunotherapy. Necessarily, nanomaterials used for tumor immunotherapy can be grouped into two categories: organic and inorganic nanomaterials. Though both have shown the ability to achieve the purpose of tumor immunotherapy, their composition and structural properties result in differences in their mechanisms and modes of action. Organic nanomaterials can be further divided into organic polymers, cell membranes, nanoemulsion‐modified, and hydrogel forms. At the same time, inorganic nanomaterials can be broadly classified as nonmetallic and metallic nanomaterials. The current review aims to explore the mechanisms of action of these different types of nanomaterials and their prospects for promoting tumor immunotherapy.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

show abstract

“…Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a protein-like compound (pseudo-polypeptide) naturally produced from Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) microorganisms, which displays biocompatibility and controllable chemical variability ( Ogunleye et al, 2015 ). From an industrial outlook, chemical versatility, home compostability, water-solubility and non-immunogenicity render this biomaterial particularly suited for a range of applications from bioremediation ( Inbaraj et al, 2006 ; Bai et al, 2022 ; Deol et al, 2022 ) to tuneable drug delivery systems ( Ye et al, 2006 ; Khalil et al, 2017 ; Zhang et al, 2018 ). As we transition to a biobased economy, these features allow a great reduction in reliance on fossil fuel derived chemicals for several applications ( Yang et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A circular bioprocess application of algal-based substrate for Bacillus subtilis natto production of γ-PGA

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a bio-derived water-soluble, edible, hydrating, non-immunogenic polymer. Bacillus subtilis natto is a wild-type γ-PGA producer originally isolated from Japanese fermented natto beans whose activity has been shown to be enhanced through ion-specific activation of Extrachromosomal DNA maintenance mechanisms. Being a GRAS γ-PGA producer, this microorganism has attracted great interest in its use within an industrial context. Here we successfully synthesised amorphous, crystalline and semi-crystalline γ-PGA between 11–27 g/L. In line with circular economy principles, scalable macroalgal biomass has been evaluated as substrate for γ-PGA, displaying great potential in both yields and material composition. In this study whole cell, freeze dried seaweed -namely Laminaria digitata, Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta-were pre-treated by means of mechanical methods, sterilised and subsequently inoculated with B. subtilis natto. High shear mixing was found to be the most suitable pre-treatment technique. Supplemented L. digitata (9.1 g/L), S. latissima (10.2 g/L), A. esculenta (13 g/L) displayed γ-PGA yields comparable to those of standard GS media (14.4 g/L). Greatest yields of pure γ-PGA were obtained during the month of June for L. digitata (Avg. 4.76 g/L) comparable to those obtained with GS media (7.0 g/L). Further, pre-treated S. latissima and L. digitata complex media enabled for high molar mass (4,500 kDa) γ-PGA biosynthesis at 8.6 and 8.7 g/L respectively. Compared to standard GS media, algal derived γ-PGA displayed significantly higher molar masses. Further studies will be necessary to further evaluate the impact of varying ash contents upon the stereochemical properties and modify the properties of algal media based γ-PGA with the aid of key nutrients; however, the material synthesised to date can directly displace a number of fossil fuel derived chemicals in drug delivery applications, cosmetics, bioremediation, wastewater treatment, flocculation and as cryoprotectants.

show abstract

Poly-Gamma-Glutamic Acid Secretion Protects Bacillus subtilis from Zinc and Copper Intoxication

Cited by 10 publications

References 41 publications

Microbial production of poly (γ-) glutamic acid and its use as an anti-thawing agent and as prebiotic

Microbial production of poly (γ-) glutamic acid and its use as an anti-thawing agent and as prebiotic

Four Ounces Can Move a Thousand Pounds: The Enormous Value of Nanomaterials in Tumor Immunotherapy

A circular bioprocess application of algal-based substrate for Bacillus subtilis natto production of γ-PGA

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About