Poly(phenylene oxide)s

White, Donald R.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-096701-1.00169-5

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…It is obviously not possible, in the current state of our knowledge, to postulate the universality of this characteristic of interactional behaviour. The majority of studies carried out in this area were done on occidental languages, but we hâve confirmation that vocal back-channel signais exist equally in Japanese (see Maynard, 1986 andWhite, 1989), and in the Bouroucho community, in the north of Pakistan (I thank Richard Patry, from the University of Montreal, who has fumished me with this last piece of information).…”

supporting

confidence: 53%

“…Therefore, a minimal production of back-channel signais is essential. We also know that too great a production of back-channel signais canbe disruptive, as is shown by several comparative studies on back-channel signais produced by speakers who speak the same language but corne from different communities (Tottie, 1990;White, 1989;Maynard, 1986). Although these studies hâve brought f orth behavioural différences between fellow speakers, to my knowledge no one as of yet has truly tested the convergence of listening strategies of a group of individuals who are members of the same community, In a preliminary investigative step I will therefore attempt to see if, in a comparable situation-the sociolinguistic interviewwith the use of the same type of discourse by the informant -a narrative 3interviewers show similar behaviour with respect to the frequency of back-channel device production and to the choice of context for the production of these devices.…”

Section: Listening Strategies In Sociolinguistic Interviews Convergen...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Listening Strategies in Sociolinguistic Interviews. Convergence and Divergence

Laforest¹

2021

culture

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Back-channel can be defined as tangible listening markers ("humhum," "yes," etc.) throughout a verbal interaction. In the Occident at least, completely silent listener-participation is unthinkable in conversations implicating two persons. In this study, I attempt to determine if convergence points in listening strategies among members of the same community exist, and to evaluate the margin of individual influence. To do this, I compare, within the same situation — the sociolinguistic interview — and considering a single type of discourse on the part of the informant — the narrative — the behaviour of several interviewers of the corpus Montreal 1984 at the level of both back-channel production frequency and of the contexts of the production of these signals.

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supporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Listening Strategies In Sociolinguistic Interviews Convergen...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Listening Strategies in Sociolinguistic Interviews. Convergence and Divergence

Laforest¹

2021

culture

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Übergangsmetall‐katalysierte kondensations‐ und polykondensationsreaktionen

Heitz¹

1994

Angew. Makromol. Chem.

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Herrn Prof. Sinn zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet. SUMMARY:While metal-catalysed polymerizations are chain reactions with constant valence of the metal, metal-catalysed polycondensations are step polymerizations with changing valence of the metal. Taking as examples the Pd-catalysed vinyl polymerization of norbornene, the alternating copolymerization of ethylene and carbon monoxide, and the Heck reaction, the essential structural prerequisites of the catalyst to control those reactions are presented. Metal-catalysed polycondensations may occur as one-or twoelectron processes. The oxidative polymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol, the Heck reaction, and the Ni-catalysed polyphenylene synthesis are discussed. EINLEITUNGMetall-katalysierte Reaktionen sind in der Wertschopfungskette chemisch-technologischer Verfahren von unverzichtbarer Bedeutung. Im Bereich der makromolekularen Chemie sind metall-katalysierte Polymerisationen Basisverfahren fur die Herstellung von Massenkunststoffen. Die Entwicklung der Metallocenkatalysatoren fuhrt gegenwartig zu einem starken Entwicklungsschubl . Die Metallkatalyse spielt aber auch bei der Monomersynthese und bei Polykondensations-bzw. Polyadditionsreaktionen eine Rolle. Metall-katalysierte Polymerisationreaktionen sind Kettenreaktionen und erfordern den Erhalt der Wertigkeitsstufe des Metalls. In diesem Sinne sind Redoxpolymerisationen nicht zu den metall-katalysierten Polymerisationen zu rechnen; das Metall nimmt am WachstumsprozeD nicht teil. Polykondensationen und Polyadditionen, die durch Metall Vortrag anlBOlich der Tagung der FachgNppe "Makromolekulare Chernie" der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker Clber "Fortschritte in der Polymersynthese" in

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Modeling of poly(phenylene oxide) reactors

Misra

Gupta

1995

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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SYNOPSISA simple model is presented for the polymerization of poly(pheny1ene oxide) (PPO) in the presence of mass-transfer limitations. The mass balance and moment equations for this system compose a hierarchy of infinite ordinary differential equations. Closure conditions similar to those used for nylon 6 are used to truncate the set of moment equations. The rate constants are adjusted to achieve a reasonable fit between model predictions and one set of available experimental data on the variation of the number-average chain length (pn) with time. The monomer conversion and the polydispersity index (PDI) are predicted. The PDI of the entire macromolecular species is found to vary with time in an interesting manner (a decrease is predicted with time during certain periods). This is due to the effect of mixing of two sets of macromolecular species present in the reaction mass having different concentrations, as well as different individual values of p n and PDI. Sensitivity results are reported to identify the important parameters and operating conditions. It is found that the values of pn are very sensitive to even small changes in the operating conditions which decrease the mass-transfer rates. 0 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Poly(phenylene oxide)s

Cited by 8 publications

References 64 publications

Listening Strategies in Sociolinguistic Interviews. Convergence and Divergence

Listening Strategies in Sociolinguistic Interviews. Convergence and Divergence

Übergangsmetall‐katalysierte kondensations‐ und polykondensationsreaktionen

Modeling of poly(phenylene oxide) reactors

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