Poly (γ-) Glutamic Acid : A Promising Biopolymer

Kumarr, Mrithula Mahalakshmi Madhan; Raj, Janifer Xavier; Gopalan, Natarajan; Ramana, Karna Venkata; Sharma, Rakesh Kumar

doi:10.14429/dlsj.3.12192

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Composition of the fermentation medium is one of the most important determinants of both the production rate as well as the properties of γ-PGA produced by microbial fermentation [6]. The effect of medium composition was shown by Birrer et al [34] when the medium NaCl concentration was varied.…”

Section: Optimization Of Medium Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many types of researches, as a result, have focused on optimizing the growth condition of the producing bacteria, with a view to obtaining high yield and desirable molecular mass at a cheaper cost [3]. γ-PGA production and its properties depend largely on the nutrient composition of the fermentation medium as well as the pH of the medium, temperature and period of incubation, and the producing microbe [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drug delivery applications of poly-γ-glutamic acid

Balogun-Agbaje

Odeniyi

2021

Futur J Pharm Sci

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Background Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biopolymer of microbial origin, consisting of repeating units of l-glutamic acid and/or D-glutamic acid. The biopolymer has found use in the fields of agriculture, food, wastewater, and medicine, owing to its non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible properties. Due to its biodegradability, γ-PGA is being tipped to dislodge synthetic plastics in drug delivery application. High cost of production, relative to plastics, is however a clog in the wheel of achieving this. Main body of abstract This review looked at the production, nanoparticles fabrication, and drug delivery application of γ-PGA. γ-PGA production optimization by modifying the fermentation medium to tailor towards the production of desirable polymer at reduced cost and techniques for the formulation of γ-PGA nanoparticle as well as its characterization were discussed. This review also evaluated the application of γ-PGA and its nanoparticles in the delivery of drugs to action site. Characterization of γ-PGA and its nanoparticles is a crucial step towards determining the applicability of the biopolymer. γ-PGA has been used in the delivery of active agents to action sites. Conclusion This review highlights some of the efforts that have been made in the appraisal of γ-PGA and its nanoparticles for drug delivery. γ-PGA is a candidate for future extensive use in drug delivery.

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Section: Optimization Of Medium Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug delivery applications of poly-γ-glutamic acid

Balogun-Agbaje

Odeniyi

2021

Futur J Pharm Sci

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“…Natural coagulants and flocculants are being replaced for chemical agents due to its extensive characters and source of origin (plants, animals, microbes and biowastes) (Ahmad et al, 2021;Ojewumi et al, 2021;Thirugnanasambandham and Karri, 2021). Anju et al (2017) and Kumar et al (2018) reported that polyglutamic acid (PGA) is a water-soluble and biodegradable anionic homopolyamide made up of L and D glutamic acid units with peptide bonds from peptide transformation, chemical synthesis, microbial fermentation and biotransformation. PGA is made up of non-essential aminoacids, especially glutamic acid (Dahiya et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic modelling and process optimization of textile effluent treatment with bacterial gamma polyglutamic acid

Mohanraj¹,

Gnanamangai²,

Ramesh³

et al. 2023

JEB

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Aim: The present study aims to synthesize gamma poly glutamic acid from the optimized starch-based glutamate-dependent medium for wastewater treatment with kinetic studies for an effective decolorization process. Methodology: Microbial coagulant (γ-PGA) was synthesized from the optimized glutamate-dependent medium with sago as a substrate and Bacillus subtilis as fermenter. Synthesized γ-PGA was harvested by ethanol precipitation and lyophilization method. The presence of γ-PGA was determined by UV-visible spectrum and ninhydrin analysis and its flocculating activity was screened by ninhydrin assay. Harvested γ-PGA was treated with different types of wastewater samples (Textile, tannery, dairy and sewage) in the preliminary screening. Process optimization was performed to screen the maximal decolorization for textile effluent (light and dark color). The physical and chemical characterization of treated wastewater samples with kinetic studies was performed to improve the treatment process. Results: The synthesized γ-PGA weighed as 41.20 g l-1 from the fermented medium and its presence was confirmed by characterization techniques. The flocculating activity of synthesized γ-PGA was 40.56 and 58.78 % against the kaolin suspension. The maximal decolorization percentage was 59.58% for γ- PGA treatment against textile effluent. The significance of optimized parameters such as pH, temperature, rotation speed and contact time were determined in the treatment of textile effluents (light and dark color) with maximal reduction of solids profile COD and BOD concentration. Kinetic studies revealed that the isotherm Langmuir isotherm was fit for the experimental data with R2 as 0.9943, 0.9692 and Pseudo second order fitted with R2 as 0.9871 and 0.9594 respective to light and dark color effluent. Interpretation: This study confirmed the maximal yield of γ-PGA from a sago-based glutamate-dependent medium and revealed its effective flocculating and decolorization activity against textile effluent which suggest them as a better alternative coagulants. Key words: γ- PGA, Bacillus subtilis, Kinetic modelling, Process optimization

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“…For instance, PGA with lower molecular weight serves as a drug carrier and cryoprotectant, while the L-glutamic acid enantiomer, acting as a humectant, is preferred for cosmetic uses. The conformation of PGA can vary between an α-helix, a β-sheet, a helix-to-random coil transition, or an enveloped aggregate, depending on factors like pH and polymer concentration [15]. Given its versatility, PGA finds utility across multiple sectors, including food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture.…”

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confidence: 99%

Polyglutamate: Unleashing the Versatility of a Biopolymer for Cosmetic Industry Applications

Serra,

Gudina,

Botelho

et al. 2024

Cosmetics

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Polyglutamic acid (PGA), a biopolymer comprising repeating units of glutamic acid, has garnered significant attention owing to its versatile applications. In recent years, microbial production processes have emerged as promising methods for the large-scale synthesis of PGA, offering advantages such as sustainability, efficiency, and tailored molecular properties. Beyond its industrial applications, PGA exhibits unique properties that render it an attractive candidate for use in the cosmetic industry. The biocompatibility, water solubility, and film-forming characteristics of PGA make it an ideal ingredient for cosmetic formulations. This article explores the extensive potential cosmetic applications of PGA, highlighting its multifaceted role in skincare, haircare, and various beauty products. From moisturizing formulations to depigmentating agents and sunscreen products, PGA offers a wide array of benefits. Its ability to deeply hydrate the skin and hair makes it an ideal ingredient for moisturizers, conditioners, and hydrating masks. Moreover, PGA’s depigmentating properties contribute to the reduction in hyperpigmentation and uneven skin tone, enhancing the overall complexion. As the demand for sustainable and bio-derived cosmetic ingredients escalates, comprehending the microbial production and cosmetic benefits of PGA becomes crucial for driving innovation in the cosmetic sector.

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Poly (γ-) Glutamic Acid : A Promising Biopolymer

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

Drug delivery applications of poly-γ-glutamic acid

Drug delivery applications of poly-γ-glutamic acid

Kinetic modelling and process optimization of textile effluent treatment with bacterial gamma polyglutamic acid

Polyglutamate: Unleashing the Versatility of a Biopolymer for Cosmetic Industry Applications

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