Polyamine Action under Metal/Metalloid Stress: Regulation of Biosynthesis, Metabolism, and Molecular Interactions

Abstract

Polyamines (PAs) are found in all living organisms and serve many vital physiological processes. In plants, PAs are ubiquitous in plant growth, physiology, reproduction, and yield. In the last decades, PAs have been studied widely for exploring their function in conferring abiotic stresses (salt, drought, and metal/metalloid toxicity) tolerance. The role of PAs in enhancing antioxidant defense mechanism and subsequent oxidative stress tolerance in plants is well-evident. However, the enzymatic regulation in PAs biosynthesis and metabolism is still under research and widely variable under various stresses and plant types. Recently, exogenous use of PAs, such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, was found to play a vital role in enhancing stress tolerance traits in plants. Polyamines also interact with other molecules like phytohormones, nitric oxides, trace elements, and other signaling molecules to providing coordinating actions towards stress tolerance. Due to the rapid industrialization metal/metalloid(s) contamination in the soil and subsequent uptake and toxicity in plants causes the most significant yield loss in cultivated plants, which also hamper food security. Finding the ways in enhancing tolerance and remediation mechanism is one of the critical tasks for plant biologists. In this review, we will focus the recent update on the roles of PAs in conferring metal/metalloid(s) tolerance in plants.

Rice OsHSFA3 Gene Improves Drought Tolerance by Modulating Polyamine Biosynthesis Depending on Abscisic Acid and ROS Levels

“…Further, we investigated only three key antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT), so the possibility that other antioxidants not studied here were activated could not excluded. In plants, PAs were found to play crucial roles not only in plant growth, physiology and reproduction, but also in conferring abiotic stress (salt, drought and metal/metalloid toxicity) tolerance by enhancing antioxidant defense and oxidative stress tolerance [21,41,55]. In this study, we observed a significant increase of PA content in OsHSFA3-overexpressing plants than in WT under both control as well as drought stress conditions ( Figure 6).…”

Reactive oxygen species metabolism and photosynthetic performance in leaves of Hordeum vulgare plants co-infested with Heterodera filipjevi and Aceria tosichella

“…From putrescine spermidine synthase produces spermidine, and spermine synthase synthesizes spermine from spermidine. Putrescine, spermidine and spermine are positively charged metabolites; therefore, they can bind to negatively charged compounds and neutralize ROS (Hasanuzzaman et al 2019 ). It cannot be excluded that enhanced activity of ARG in WCM plants can promote synthesis of polyamines and indirectly improve non-enzymatic antioxidant apparatus in these plants.…”

Application of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and nitrogen regulates aroma biochemistry in fragrant rice

“…The biosynthesis and regulations of 2AP are largely affected by not only the genetic factors but also the external environment and crop management factors (Bao et al, 2018;Hasanuzzaman et al, 2019). The genetic factors play an important part in determining the quality of aromatic rice (Bao et al, 2018;Bradbury et al, 2008), which, on the other hand, are much dependent on prevailing environmental conditions during the growth period and also by pre-and postharvest management techniques (Gay et al, 2010).…”