Polyamine biomarkers as indicators of human disease

Abstract

The significant increase of periodontitis, chronic kidney disease (CKD), Alzheimer's disease and cancer can be attributed to an ageing population. Each disease produces a range of biomarkers that can be indicative of disease onset and progression. Biomarkers are defined as cellular (intra/extracellular components and whole cells), biochemical (metabolites, ions and toxins) or molecular (nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) alterations which are measurable in biological media such as human tissues, cells or fluids. An interesting group of biomarkers that merit further investigation are the polyamines. The polyamines are a group of molecules consisting of cadaverine, putrescine, spermine and spermidine and these have been implicated in the development of a range of systemic disease, in part due to their production in periodontitis. Cadaverine and putrescine within the periodontal environment have demonstrated cell signalling interfering abilities, by way of leukocyte migration disruption.The polyamines spermine and spermidine in tumour cells have been shown to inhibit cellular apoptosis, effectively prolonging tumorigenesis and continuation of cancer within the host.Polyamine degradation products such as acrolein have been shown to exacerbate renal damage in CKD patients. Thus, the use of such molecules has merit to be utilised in the early indication of such diseases in patients.

The Potential Role of Spermine and Its Acetylated Derivative in Human Malignancies

“…Spermine was also utilized to detect and discriminate pancreatic cancer from other malignancies. Salivary spermine level in pancreatic cancer patients was a potential indicator of pancreatic cancer as spermine exhibited a specific and increased level in cancerous patients [39]. On the other hand, unlike traditional blood-taking-based cancer screening tests, being a non-invasive liquid biopsy, urine and saliva can be readily and easily obtained from patients without causing any discomfort.…”

Dynamic Mitochondrial Proteome Under Polyamines Treatment in Cardiac Aging

“…Polycationic polyamines Spd and Spm are essential for mammalian cell growth and survival. Dysfunction of them has been implicated in human health and diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, stroke, renal failure, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, and other ailments ( Amin et al, 2021 ). Mostly, Spd shares similar biological activities to Spm, but sometimes they showed a diverse mechanism in various pathological and physiological conditions or in the different cells and tissues.…”

Cadaverine Is a Switch in the Lysine Degradation Pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Identified by Untargeted Metabolomics

“…Previous studies have shown cadaverine enhances the effectiveness of many β-lactams against P. aeruginosa ( Kwon and Lu, 2006 ; Manuel et al., 2010 ). Cadaverine is a natural metabolite found in all living organisms ( Miller-Fleming et al., 2015 ) and can stem from microbiota or have endogenous origin ( Amin et al., 2021 ). Cadaverine supplementation shows low acute oral toxicity at 2,000 mg/kg body weight in rats ( Til et al., 1997 ), and negligible cytotoxicity up to 70 mM in HT29 intestinal cells ( del Rio et al., 2019 ).…”