Polyamine-mediated mechanisms contribute to oxidative stress tolerance in Pseudomonas syringae.

Abstract

Bacterial phytopathogens thriving in the surface or the interior of plants may experience oxidative stress because of the activation of plant defense responses. Polyamines have been proposed to participate in the protection of bacteria against this stress, but the mechanisms behind their functions are mostly unclear. In this study, we sought to understand the effects of oxidative stress on the polyamine homeostasis of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and decipher the functions of these compounds in stress tolerance. We showed that bacteria react to H2O2 by raising the extracellular amount of the polyamine putrescine while the intracellular levels of this compound as well as the analogue spermidine remained unchanged. Consistent with this, supplementation of media with exogenous putrescine enhanced bacterial tolerance to H2O2. Deletion of arginine decarboxylase (speA) and ornithine decarboxylate (speC), prevented the synthesis of putrescine and augmented susceptibility to H2O2, whereas targeting spermidine synthesis alone through deletion of spermidine synthase (speE) increased the level of extracellular putrescine and enhanced H2O2 tolerance. Further research demonstrated that the increased tolerance of the ΔspeE mutant correlated both with increased expression of H2O2-degrading catalases and enhanced outer cell membrane stability. Thus, this work demonstrates previously unidentified links between the metabolism of polyamines and the defense against oxidative stress in bacteria.

Thermal and salt stress effects on the survival of plant growth‐promoting bacteria Azospirillum brasilense in inoculants for maize cultivation

“…However, no treatment resulted in higher count than the control group, indicating that A. brasilense growth was not stimulated under stress conditions (Figs 2 and 3). The decrease in bacterial growth rate during the application of sublethal stress is one of the main responses observed in species present in inoculant formulations 23 and it has been reported for several species, including Azospirillum formosense , Azospirillum lipoferum , Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus , Pseudomonas putida , Pseudomonas protegens , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Rhizobum tropici, Rhizobium gallicum, Mesorhizobium ciceri, Mesorhizobium mediterraneum, Sinorhizobium meliloti , Bacillus endophyticus , Bacillus tequilensis and Burkholderia mesoacidophila 34‐44 …”

The Biosynthesis and Functions of Polyamines in the Interaction of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria with Plants

“…We have seen that endogenous PAs or those taken from the environment can affect diazotrophs and plants living separately, but what effects do they have during the interaction of plants with PGPR? That PAs modulate the interaction of plant pathogens with their hosts is well documented, to the extent that phytopathogens are known to alter plant PA metabolism to their own benefit [39,[165][166][167][168]. The roles of PAs in mutualistic plant-PGPR interactions are much less clear, and most work done in the area has been with rhizobia and legumes [37,39,105].…”